MRI of the Heart and VesselsSpringer Science & Business Media, 13/04/2005 - 394 من الصفحات In recent years magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enriched the technological potential available for the characterization of cardiovascular pathologies, adding substantial advantages to other non-invasive techniques. This technique, which is intrinsically digital and has reduced operator dependency, allows the performance of image analysis in a quantitative and reproducible manner. The use of non-ionizing energy with the consequent absence of an environmental impact and of operator and patient biohazards makes MRI a winning technique when evaluating the risk – benefit ratio in comparison to other imaging methods. In virtue of its added diagnostic value and inherent refinements that allow construction of two- and three-dimensional images, MRI is gaining a primary role in the histopathological and physiopathological understanding of a large number of pathologies concerning the heart and vessels. This text is addressed both to MRI operators seeking specific technical information and to clinicians who wish to have a better understanding of the diagnostic and management advantages that MRI can offer. |
المحتوى
1 Physical principles of imaging with magnetic resonance | 1 |
121 The nucleus | 2 |
13 Interaction with an external magnetic field | 3 |
131 Radio Frequency RF pulses | 4 |
132 Free Induction Decay FID | 5 |
14 Magnetic Resonance interaction with tissues | 7 |
1431 Inversion Recovery IR | 9 |
1441 Time of Repetition TR | 13 |
References | 178 |
732 Myocardial perfusion | 179 |
References | 188 |
733 Myocardiai viability | 189 |
References | 201 |
734 Cardiomyopathies | 205 |
References | 227 |
74 Valvular disease | 232 |
15 MR imaging | 16 |
151 Magnetic field gradients | 17 |
152 Kspace | 21 |
the Fourier Transform | 23 |
171 The magnet | 24 |
172 Radio frequency coils | 26 |
173 Field gradient | 27 |
174 Computer | 28 |
2 Techniques of fast MR imaging for studying the cardiovascular system | 31 |
222 Cardiac Gating | 33 |
223 Partial filling of Kspace | 34 |
224 Segmentation | 35 |
225 Single pulse | 36 |
227 Interleaved image acquisition | 38 |
228 Spiral | 39 |
23 Fast sequences in GRE | 40 |
232 Spoiled Gradient Echo SPGR | 42 |
241 Fast Spin Echo FSE | 43 |
25 Rapid images with parallel imaging techniques | 44 |
26 Vascular imaging sequences | 45 |
261 Time Of Flight TOP | 46 |
262 Phase Contrast Images | 48 |
263 Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography CEMRA | 50 |
27 Conclusions | 52 |
References | 53 |
3 Postprocessing | 55 |
321 Proprietary formats and DICOM formats | 57 |
322 Memory devices | 58 |
323 Data transfer via network | 60 |
324 Printing devices | 61 |
332 Visualizing in 3D | 62 |
334 MIP and RaySum algorithms | 63 |
335 Approach to surfaces | 65 |
34 Quantitative measures of mass and volume | 66 |
35 Flow analysis | 66 |
36 Measures of myocardial perfusion | 67 |
References | 70 |
4 Contrast agents in cardiovascular magnetic resonance | 71 |
42 Behavior of extravascular contrast agents at myocardial level | 75 |
43 Distinctive behavior of intravascular contrast agents at myocardial level | 76 |
44 Intracellular or organspecific contrast agents | 79 |
46 Toxicity of contrast agents in magnetic resonance | 80 |
47 Way of administration | 81 |
5 Intracranial vascular district | 85 |
stenoocclusion and ectasia | 86 |
523 Vascular malformations | 94 |
524 Aneurysms | 101 |
525 Neurovascular conflict | 106 |
dislocations and neoformed vascularizations | 107 |
532 Venous angiomas | 111 |
References | 112 |
6 Vessels of the neck | 117 |
63 Evaluation of epiaortic vessels | 118 |
64 Subclavian arteries | 119 |
651 Atherosclerotic stenoocclusive disease | 123 |
652 Nonatherosclerotic pathology | 132 |
References | 137 |
71 Heart morphology | 141 |
713 Scanning and segment planes of the heart | 142 |
714 Strategy of image acquisition | 145 |
715 Techniques for measuring wall thickness and cardiac diameters | 148 |
716 Advantages and limitations | 149 |
References | 150 |
a complementary response to Echocardiography | 151 |
723 Imaging strategies | 152 |
724 Sequences used for evaluation of cardiac function | 155 |
accuracy and reproducibility | 158 |
727 Evaluation of diastolic function | 160 |
728 Evaluation of cardiac function by tagging images | 162 |
References | 164 |
731 Stress MRI | 165 |
742 Indications for MRI in valve disease | 233 |
743 Study of prosthetic valves | 237 |
745 Imaging procedure | 238 |
References | 239 |
75 Coronary arteries | 240 |
753 How to improve SNR and CNR | 244 |
754 Feasibility of coronary angiography by MR | 245 |
755 Study of the coronary wall by MRI | 246 |
756 Study of coronary reserve | 247 |
7571 Right coronary artery | 249 |
758 Bypass and STENT | 250 |
759 Anomalies in the coursing of coronaries | 252 |
7510 Conclusions | 253 |
76 Tumors and masses of the heart and of the pericardium | 256 |
762 Benign atrial tumors | 257 |
763 Benign ventricular tumors | 262 |
765 Paracardiac masses | 265 |
766 Pitfall | 267 |
References | 268 |
77 Congenital heart disease | 269 |
772 Techniques | 270 |
7731 Preparation of the pediatric patient | 271 |
774 Extracardial defects of the mediastinal vessels | 273 |
7751 Atrial Septal Defect ASD | 280 |
7761 Endocardia Cushions Defects ECD | 284 |
777 Troncoconal defects | 286 |
778 Defects of the ventriculararterial connections postsurgery | 289 |
779 Complex defects presurgery and postsurgery | 291 |
References | 297 |
8 Pericardium and mediastinum | 299 |
813 Congenital disease | 300 |
814 Pericardial effusion | 302 |
816 Hematoma | 303 |
821 Introduction | 305 |
823 Clinical applications | 306 |
References | 314 |
9 Thoracic aorta | 315 |
92 Patient preparation | 316 |
94 Data processing | 321 |
951 Aneurysms of the aorta | 323 |
952 Aortic dissection | 325 |
953 Aortic intramural hematoma and ulcer of the aortic wall | 326 |
954 Traumas of the aorta | 327 |
956 Aortitis | 330 |
96 Limits of the technique | 331 |
References | 333 |
10 Renal arteries | 335 |
1021 Time Of Flight MRA TOFMRA | 337 |
1023 Contrast Enhanced MRA CEMRA | 340 |
103 Technical features | 342 |
1042 Nonstenosing pathologies | 348 |
1043 Kidney transplant | 349 |
References | 350 |
11 Abdominal aorta | 353 |
1121 Atherosclerotic and inflammatory aneurysms | 357 |
1122 Dissection | 362 |
1123 Stenoocclusion | 364 |
1124 Control of vascular stentsprostheses | 366 |
1125 Retroperitoneal fibrosis | 369 |
References | 370 |
12 Peripheral arterial system | 373 |
1221 Patient preparation | 374 |
123 Clinical applications | 381 |
1232 Surgical arterial bypass | 383 |
1234 Obstructive pathology due to external compression | 385 |
125 Limits | 386 |
1252 Artifacts | 387 |
1254 Missed visualization of arteries not included in the volume of study | 388 |
1256 Localizing a lesion | 389 |