MRI of the Heart and Vessels

الغلاف الأمامي
Springer Science & Business Media, 13‏/04‏/2005 - 394 من الصفحات

In recent years magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enriched the technological potential available for the characterization of cardiovascular pathologies, adding substantial advantages to other non-invasive techniques. This technique, which is intrinsically digital and has reduced operator dependency, allows the performance of image analysis in a quantitative and reproducible manner.

The use of non-ionizing energy with the consequent absence of an environmental impact and of operator and patient biohazards makes MRI a winning technique when evaluating the risk – benefit ratio in comparison to other imaging methods.

In virtue of its added diagnostic value and inherent refinements that allow construction of two- and three-dimensional images, MRI is gaining a primary role in the histopathological and physiopathological understanding of a large number of pathologies concerning the heart and vessels.

This text is addressed both to MRI operators seeking specific technical information and to clinicians who wish to have a better understanding of the diagnostic and management advantages that MRI can offer.

 

الصفحات المحددة

المحتوى

1 Physical principles of imaging with magnetic resonance
1
121 The nucleus
2
13 Interaction with an external magnetic field
3
131 Radio Frequency RF pulses
4
132 Free Induction Decay FID
5
14 Magnetic Resonance interaction with tissues
7
1431 Inversion Recovery IR
9
1441 Time of Repetition TR
13
References
178
732 Myocardial perfusion
179
References
188
733 Myocardiai viability
189
References
201
734 Cardiomyopathies
205
References
227
74 Valvular disease
232

15 MR imaging
16
151 Magnetic field gradients
17
152 Kspace
21
the Fourier Transform
23
171 The magnet
24
172 Radio frequency coils
26
173 Field gradient
27
174 Computer
28
2 Techniques of fast MR imaging for studying the cardiovascular system
31
222 Cardiac Gating
33
223 Partial filling of Kspace
34
224 Segmentation
35
225 Single pulse
36
227 Interleaved image acquisition
38
228 Spiral
39
23 Fast sequences in GRE
40
232 Spoiled Gradient Echo SPGR
42
241 Fast Spin Echo FSE
43
25 Rapid images with parallel imaging techniques
44
26 Vascular imaging sequences
45
261 Time Of Flight TOP
46
262 Phase Contrast Images
48
263 Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography CEMRA
50
27 Conclusions
52
References
53
3 Postprocessing
55
321 Proprietary formats and DICOM formats
57
322 Memory devices
58
323 Data transfer via network
60
324 Printing devices
61
332 Visualizing in 3D
62
334 MIP and RaySum algorithms
63
335 Approach to surfaces
65
34 Quantitative measures of mass and volume
66
35 Flow analysis
66
36 Measures of myocardial perfusion
67
References
70
4 Contrast agents in cardiovascular magnetic resonance
71
42 Behavior of extravascular contrast agents at myocardial level
75
43 Distinctive behavior of intravascular contrast agents at myocardial level
76
44 Intracellular or organspecific contrast agents
79
46 Toxicity of contrast agents in magnetic resonance
80
47 Way of administration
81
5 Intracranial vascular district
85
stenoocclusion and ectasia
86
523 Vascular malformations
94
524 Aneurysms
101
525 Neurovascular conflict
106
dislocations and neoformed vascularizations
107
532 Venous angiomas
111
References
112
6 Vessels of the neck
117
63 Evaluation of epiaortic vessels
118
64 Subclavian arteries
119
651 Atherosclerotic stenoocclusive disease
123
652 Nonatherosclerotic pathology
132
References
137
71 Heart morphology
141
713 Scanning and segment planes of the heart
142
714 Strategy of image acquisition
145
715 Techniques for measuring wall thickness and cardiac diameters
148
716 Advantages and limitations
149
References
150
a complementary response to Echocardiography
151
723 Imaging strategies
152
724 Sequences used for evaluation of cardiac function
155
accuracy and reproducibility
158
727 Evaluation of diastolic function
160
728 Evaluation of cardiac function by tagging images
162
References
164
731 Stress MRI
165
742 Indications for MRI in valve disease
233
743 Study of prosthetic valves
237
745 Imaging procedure
238
References
239
75 Coronary arteries
240
753 How to improve SNR and CNR
244
754 Feasibility of coronary angiography by MR
245
755 Study of the coronary wall by MRI
246
756 Study of coronary reserve
247
7571 Right coronary artery
249
758 Bypass and STENT
250
759 Anomalies in the coursing of coronaries
252
7510 Conclusions
253
76 Tumors and masses of the heart and of the pericardium
256
762 Benign atrial tumors
257
763 Benign ventricular tumors
262
765 Paracardiac masses
265
766 Pitfall
267
References
268
77 Congenital heart disease
269
772 Techniques
270
7731 Preparation of the pediatric patient
271
774 Extracardial defects of the mediastinal vessels
273
7751 Atrial Septal Defect ASD
280
7761 Endocardia Cushions Defects ECD
284
777 Troncoconal defects
286
778 Defects of the ventriculararterial connections postsurgery
289
779 Complex defects presurgery and postsurgery
291
References
297
8 Pericardium and mediastinum
299
813 Congenital disease
300
814 Pericardial effusion
302
816 Hematoma
303
821 Introduction
305
823 Clinical applications
306
References
314
9 Thoracic aorta
315
92 Patient preparation
316
94 Data processing
321
951 Aneurysms of the aorta
323
952 Aortic dissection
325
953 Aortic intramural hematoma and ulcer of the aortic wall
326
954 Traumas of the aorta
327
956 Aortitis
330
96 Limits of the technique
331
References
333
10 Renal arteries
335
1021 Time Of Flight MRA TOFMRA
337
1023 Contrast Enhanced MRA CEMRA
340
103 Technical features
342
1042 Nonstenosing pathologies
348
1043 Kidney transplant
349
References
350
11 Abdominal aorta
353
1121 Atherosclerotic and inflammatory aneurysms
357
1122 Dissection
362
1123 Stenoocclusion
364
1124 Control of vascular stentsprostheses
366
1125 Retroperitoneal fibrosis
369
References
370
12 Peripheral arterial system
373
1221 Patient preparation
374
123 Clinical applications
381
1232 Surgical arterial bypass
383
1234 Obstructive pathology due to external compression
385
125 Limits
386
1252 Artifacts
387
1254 Missed visualization of arteries not included in the volume of study
388
1256 Localizing a lesion
389
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