supplies. We would be cutting ourselves off, as we have stated, from the highest grade chrome that is available to us. EFFECTS OF SANCTIONS ON BLACKS Senator MCGEE. Somewhere in your text you made reference to the fact that there is reason to believe that the U.N. sanctions program has had some impact on the internal economics of Rhodesia. The suggestion sometimes made in that regard is that perhaps its principal effect would be felt by the blacks in Rhodesia. Would that be the case, in your judgment? In other words, are the effects of the sanctions more hurtful to the very people that manifest a source of concern to the U.N.? Mr. NEWSOM. This is, I know, Mr. Chairman, an argument that is quite often made. In the conversations that I have had with visitors to Rhodesia, both white and black, frequent reference is made to the importance, certainly by many of the educated articulate Africans inside Rhodesia, the maintenance of sanctions as an indication of continued outside support for their goal of an ultimate majority franchise in Rhodesia, whatever the short-term economic consequences for their people may be. RHODESIAN BUSINESS COMMUNITY PRESSURING FOR NEGOTIATIONS? Senator MCGEE. It seems to me I also recall reading, perhaps in the New York Times, that the Rhodesian business community is apparently putting pressure on the Smith regime to negotiate with the United Kingdom. Is that your understanding, that there is pressure coming from the Rhodesian business community, that would be the other side. of the coin to which my preceding question was directed? Mr. NEWSOM. Well, I think it is difficult to speculate, Mr. Chairman, on precisely what it may be that is now obviously encouraging the Rhodesians to talk with the British. I think that those of us who want to see a settlement would not wish to pinpoint any particular aspect of life in Rhodesia as being a key to this. In general, I should say that our impression is that while sanctions have not been totally effective they certainly are causing problems in Rhodesia, and there are many within Rhodesia, both white and black, who would much prefer to see a settlement with the United Kingdom. STATUS OF U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS Senator MCGEE. Do United Nations Security Council resolutions which have no terminal date set on them, run on in perpetuity or do they have to be renewed at some predetermined date? What is their status? Mr. NEWSOM. No; in this case, the action of the Security Council would run on until the Security Council was satisfied that the conditions which have existed in Rhodesia, which brought about their original action, no longer existed. COMPLIANCE WITH MANDATORY U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL DECISION Senator McGEE. Has the United States ever refused or failed to comply with a mandatory U.N. Security Council decision? Mr. NEWSOM. No, Mr. Chairman. I think we have an excellent international record of compliance with those actions in the United Na tions which we have supported. Where we have felt that we could not, for one reason or another, support this kind of action we have opposed it in the Security Council itself. Mr. ARMITAGE. I would like to say this is the only mandatory sanction program that the U.N. has undertaken. Senator MCGEE. There have been no others. Mr. ARMITAGE. No others. Senator COOPER. Will the Senator yield? Senator MCGEE. Yes, I will yield to the Senator from Kentucky. U.S. POSITION TOWARD SOUTH AFRICA Senator COOPER. What is the position of the United States toward South Africa? How does it compare South Africa with Rhodesia? Were there any mandatory sanctions voted in the Security Council against South Africa? Mr. NEWSOM. No, Senator, there have been proposals by some of the Africans. But we consider the South African situation quite different from the Rhodesian situation. South Africa has long been a recognized member of the international community, has had diplomatic recognition from a majority of the states of the world. It is recognized even in black Africa as a national entity, a State. The Rhodesian situation is unique in that here there existed in the eyes of the international community in 1966 the possibility of avoiding a continuing unresolved political problem involving both colonialism and the racial situation, and the international community therefore wanted to choose, wanted to take every opportunity to see, if this could not be resolved in a way which would not create the same kind of problems that the situation in South Africa has created. That opportunity never presented itself to the international community with respect to South Africa. I would point out, as Mr. Armitage has said, we have agreed to and enforced an embargo on any arms deliveries to South Africa. Senator COOPER. I will postpone my questioning on this subject until my time comes along. TIES BETWEEN RHODESIA AND SOUTH AFRICA Senator MCGEE. In a sense, doesn't the sanctions program have a tendency to force Rhodesia more and more into the arms of the Republic of South Africa? I don't mean their military arms, I mean into their embrace for want of anywhere else to go. Maybe the Republic doesn't want them. But wouldn't this tend to throw them more closely together, and thus further sharpen the problem to which Senator Cooper has been alluding in part? Mr. NEWSOM. Well, there is certainly a tendency in Rhodesia to adopt, as I said, some of the racial policies which exist in South Africa, and there is a considerable exchange of sympathy between the ruling minority in South Africa and in Rhodesia. I think that we can only assume that there exist those in Rhodesia who don't want to see this trend continued, and this may indeed be another element in what seems a tendency within Rhodesia to support a new examination of the problem with the British. Senator MCGEE. What would be our position, Mr. Secretary, if the United Kingdom and Rhodesia were to agree upon a settlement as a result of the impending negotiations, if they indeed produce anything at all, but the agreement was one which the black African community did not find acceptable. What would be our position then? Mr. NEWSOM. Well, I think you can understand, Mr. Chairman, that I wouldn't want to prejudge our position under Senator MCGEE. I was just enjoying the delight of watching you squirm in facing a problem which you hope would not arise. Mr. NEWSOM. The British insist that there can only be a settlement on the principles which both the Labor government and the Conservative government have endorsed, principles leading to ultimate majority rule in Rhodesia, and I think I can only express the hope that there will be a settlement and it will be a settlement which will incorporate these principles. Senator MCGEE. Senator Cooper. Do you have any questions Senator Cooper? STOCKPILE OF CHROME IN THE UNITED STATES Senator COOPER. What is the total stockpile of chrome held by the United States? Mr. NEWSOM. I will turn to Mr. Farrand of our minerals division for that, Senator. Mr. FARRAND. Senator, the inventory of metallurgical grade chrome which is under discussion here, because that is basically the chrome which we have gotten in the past from Rhodesia, the stockpile inventory as of May 31, 1971, was 5,344,000 tons. Senator COOPER. What is the annual use? Mr. FARRAND. The annual consumption in this country of metallurgical grade chrome is about 900,000 tons annual use, running around that amount. Senator COOPER. What about exports and imports. Mr. FARRAND. Imports were about 885,000 tons last year, about 98 percent of our requirements. Senator COOPER. Has there been any estimate of what the supply which should be kept on hand in case of any emergency? Mr. FARRAND. Well, the Office of Emergency Preparedness- Mr. FARRAND. Well, the Office of Emergency Preparedness in coordination with the other agencies in the government has determined that the objective or the minimum that should be retained in the stockpile is about 3,100,000 tons at the present time, which leaves an excess of 2,244,000 tons. Senator COOPER. Is there any domestic production? Mr. FARRAND. At the present time, no sir. MAJOR COUNTRIES REFUSING TO SUPPORT SANCTIONS Senator COOPER. Do any other major countries refuse, have any other major countries refused, to support the sanctions imposed by the Security Council? Mr. NEWSOM. Only the Republic of South Africa and Portugal have formally refused, Senator. Senator COOPER. Can you file with the committee a copy of the resolution of the Security Council upholding the sanctions? Mr. NEWSOM. Yes. Mr. ARMITAGE. There are several, Senator. We will provide the committee with all the ones. Senator MCGEE. They will be made a part of the record. RESOLUTIONS OF UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 221 (1966) (Adopted by the Security Council at its 1277th meeting, on 9 April 1966) The Security Council, Recalling its resolutions Nos. 216 of 12 November 1965 and 217 of 20 November 1965 and in particular its call to all States to do their utmost to break off economic relations with Southern Rhodesia, including an embargo on oil and petroleum products, Grively concerned at reports that substantial supplies of oil may reach Rhodesia as the result of an oil tanker having arrived at Beira and the approach of a further tanker which may lead to the resumption of pumping through the CPMR pipeline with the acquiescence of the Portuguese authorities. Considering that such supplies will afford great assistance and encouragement to the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia, thereby enabling it to remain longer in being, 1. Determines that the resulting situation constitutes a threat to the peace ; 2. Calls upon the Portuguese Government not to permit oil to be pumped through the pipeline from Beira to Rhodesia; 3. Calls upon the Portuguese Government not to receive at Beira oil destined for Rhodesia; 4. Calls upon all States to ensure the diversion of any of their vessels reasonably believed to be carrying oil destined for Rhodesia which may be en route for Beira; 5. Calls upon the Government of the United Kingdom to prevent by the use of force if necessary the arrival at Beira of vessels reasonably believed to be carrying oil destined for Rhodesia, and empowers the United Kingdom to arrest and detain the tanker known as the Joanna V upon her departure from Beira in the event her oil cargo is discharged there. RESOLUTION 232 (1966) (Adopted by the Security Council at its 1340th meeting on 16 December 1966) The Security Council, Reaffirming its resolutions 216 (1965) of 12 November 1965, 217 (1965) of 20 November 1965 and 221 (1966) of 9 April 1966, and in particular its appeal to all States to do their utmost in order to break off economic relations with Southern Rhodesia, Deeply concerned that the Council's efforts so far and the measures taken by the administering Power have failed to bring the rebellion in Southern Rhodesia to an end, Reaffirming that to the extent not superseded in this resolution, the measures provided for in resolution 217 (1965) of 20 November 1965, as well as those initiated by Member States in implementation of that resolution, shall continue in effect, Acting in accordance with Articles 39 and 41 of the United Nations Charter, 1. Determines that the present situation in Southern Rhodesia constitutes a threat to international peace and security; 2. Decides that all States Members of the United Nations shall prevent: (a) the import into their territories of asbestos, iron ore, chrome, pig-iron, sugar, tobacco, copper, meat and meat products and hides, skins and leather originating in Southern Rhodesia and exported therefrom after the date of this resolution; (b) any activities by their nationals or in their territories which promote or are calculated to promote the export of these commodities from Southern Rhodesia and any dealings by their nationals or in their territories in any of these commodities originating in Southern Rhodesia and exported therefrom after the date of this resolution, including in particular any transfer of funds to Southern Rhodesia for the purposes of such activities or dealings; (c) shipment in vessels or aircraft of their registration of any of these commodities originating in Southern Rhodesia and exported therefrom after the date of this resolution; (d) any activities by their nationals or in their territories which promote or are calculated to promote the sale or shipment to Southern Rhodesia of arms, ammunition of all types, military aircraft, military vehicles, and equipment and materials for the manufacture and maintenance of arms and ammunition in Southern Rhodesia; (e) any activities by their nationals or in their territories which promote or are calculated to promote the supply to Southern Rhodesia of all other aircraft and motor vehicles and of equipment and materials for the manufacture, assembly of maintenance of aircraft and motor vehicles in Southern Rhodesia: the shipment in vessels and aircraft of their registration of any such goods destined for Southern Rhodesia: and any activities by their nationals or in their territories which promote or are calculated to promote the manufacture or assembly of airregistration in the supply of oil or oil products to Southern Rhodesia ; (f) participation in their territories or territories under their administration or in land or air transport facilities or by their nationals or vessels of their registration in the supply of oil or oil products to Southern Rhodesia; notwithstanding any contracts entered into or licenses granted before the date of this resolution; 3. Reminds Member States that the failure or refusal by any of them to implement the present resolution shall constitute a violation of Article 25 of the Charter; 4. Reaffirms the inalienable rights of the people of Southern Rhodesia to freedom and independence in accordance with the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples contained in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV); and recognizes the legitimacy of their struggle to secure the enjoyment of their rights as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations; 5. Calls upon all States not to render financial or other economic aid to the illegal régime in Southern Rhodesia; 6. Calls upon all States Members of the United Nations to carry out this decision of the Security Council in accordance with Article 25 of the United Nations Charter; 7. Urges, having regard to the principles stated in Article 2 of the United Nations Charter, States not Members of the United Nations to act in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of the present resolution; 8. Calls upon States Members of the United Nations or of the specialized agencies to report to the Secretary-General the measures each has taken in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of the present resolution; 9. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council on the progress of the implementation of the present resolution, the first report to be submitted not later than 1 March 1967; 10. Decides to keep this item on its agenda for further action as appropriate in the light of developments. RESOLUTION 253 (1968) (Adopted by the Security Council at its 1428th meeting, on 29 May 1968) The Security Council, Recalling and reffirming its resolutions 216 (1965) of 12 November 1965, 217 (1965) of 20 November 1965, 221 (1966) of 9 April 1966, and 232 (1966) of 16 December 1966, Taking note of resolution 2262 (XXII) adopted by the General Assembly on 3 November 1967, Noting with great concern that the measures taken so far have failed to bring the rebellion in Southern Rhodesia to an end, Reaffirming that, to the extent not superseded in this resolution, the measures provided for in resolutions 217 (1965) of 20 November 1965, and 232 (1966) of 16 December 1966, as well as those initiated by Member States in implementation of those resolutions, shall continue in effect, |