III. For students of metallurgy: quantitative analysis, metallurgy, geology, mineralogy, quantitative blow-pipe analysis, drawing. IV. For students in geology and natural history: quantitative analysis, metallurgy, geology, mineralogy, drawing. V. For students in analytical and applied chemistry: quantitative analysis, metallurgy, geology, applied chemistry, drawing, memoir and journal of travel during the summer

vacation.

Third year.-I. For civil-engineering students: mechanics, constructions, economic geology, drawing, projét. II. For students of mining engineering: mining engineering, assaying, economic geology, metallurgy, quantitative analysis, drawing, projét. III. For students in metallurgy: assaying, economic geology, metallurgy, quantitative analysis, lithology, drawing, projét. IV. For students of geology and natural history: economic geology, lithology, palæontology, drawing, dissertation. V. For students of analytical and applied chemistry: assaying, economic geology, metallurgy, quantitative analysis, applied chemistry, drawing, dissertation.

Preparatory year. First session: geometry, physics, chemistry, French, German, drawing. Second session: algebra and trigonometry, physics, chemistry, French, German, drawing.

Mathematics. The course of mathematics in the preparatory year embraces algebra, so far as to include the general theory of equations, geometry, plane, volumetric and spherical; trigonometry, plane, analytical, and spherical; mensuration of surfaces and of volumes. In the first year, analytical geometry of two and three dimensions; differential and integral calculus; differentials of algebraic and transcendental functions; successive differentials; maxima and minima; transcendental curves; curvature; integration of regularly formed differentials: integration by series; integration of fractions; special methods of integration; rectification of curves; quadrature of surfaces; cubature of volumes; applications to mechanics and astronomy.

Physics. The students of the preparatory year are occupied during the first term with the subject of heat, including the steam-engine, while the second term is employed in the study of voltaic electricity, magnetism, and electro-magnetism. These courses of lectures are fully illustrated by appropriate experiments. The instruction is conveyed by lectures and recitations, practical problems being occasionally proposed for solution. During the second year courses of lectures are delivered on the laws of electro-dynamics, on the mechanical theory of heat, on mathematical optics, and on the undulatory theory of light. Portions of these courses are accompanied by experimental demonstrations. The cabinet of physical apparatus will rank with the best on this continent, and extensive additions are made to it each year.

Mechanics. This subject is taught during the second year. The course of instruction embraces the following subjects: composition and equilibrium of forces; center of gravity and stability; elements of machinery; hurtful resistances; rectilinear and periodic motion; moment of inertia; curvilinear and rotary motion; mechanics of liquids; mechanics of gases and vapors; hydraulic and pneumatic machines.

Drawing and descriptive geometry. During the first session of the preparatory year the student is taught to execute topographical maps. He is first instructed in the use of the pen to delineate lines of level, shaded with lines of declivity, and completed with the conventional signs of different features, such as water, forests, marshes, cultivated ground, outcrops of veins, &c.; subsequently he is taught to represent the same in shading of India ink or sepia, with the application of the conventional signs and colors used by our Government and civil engineers. During the second session, the course of instruction includes sketching in pencil from plane models, and from nature; afterward colored sketches or landscape drawing in water-colors.

During the first year descriptive geometry is taught. The course of instruction includes the study of Davies's treatise on this subject, with lectures and blackboard exercises, illustrated by Olivier, and other models, showing the more difficult problems of intersections, and the generation of warped surfaces.

The instruction of drawing includes the use of mathematical instruments in constructing on paper the problems of descriptive geometry.

During the second session graphics are taught, including the study of Davies's Shades and Shadows, and Perspective; and Mahan's Stone-Cutting, with explanatory lectures; the exhibition of models; and the solution of various new problems of shades and shadows.

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The course in drawing includes instruction and practice in the use of instruments; the pen and brush, with India ink, in drawing mathematical forms in projection and perspective; shading them; casting their shadows, and washing them. followed by an application of the principles learned to the execution of a drawing of a machine, or the section of a furnace, wherein the shadows are accurately calculated and washed, and the drawing is appropriately colored.

In the second year the course includes, during the first session, the drawing of machines, mills, furnaces, &c., from plane models. These are shaded, their shadows calculated and cast, and the whole properly colored. The dimensions are also quoted, so that these drawings serve as types of working drawings.

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During the second session the students draw from various models in relief, chiefly furnaces and machines. They first make a free-hand sketch from the relief, and upon it place the dimensions, which they measure; subsequently they draw the finished representation in the academy to a proper scale, with shades, shadows, colors, and dimensions. This practice is of benefit in accustoming the student to take rapid sketches of established works, upon which he may be required to report, or by which he may wish to inform himself.

Modern languages. The design in this department is to teach the student how to read French and German scientific books with facility.

Instruction is given for two hours a week in each of these languages, during two years; and as the text-books employed in the class-room are altogether works on science, the students can acquire a sufficient vocabulary to enable them to use French and German authors in all the departments of the school.

No attempt is made to produce accomplished scholars in all branches of German and French literature, but attention is concentrated upon the immediate wants of the young men. In this way no time is lost, and the instruction becomes thoroughly practical.

General chemistry. The preparatory class attend three exercises a week in general chemistry throughout the year. It is intended to lay the foundation of a thorough knowledge of the theory of the subject preliminary to the practical instruction in the chemical laboratory. For this purpose the class is drilled upon the lectures, with free use of the best text-books. The students are expected to write out full notes, which must be exhibited to the professor at the close of each session. At the end of the year the class must pass a rigid examination before they can be admitted to a higher grade.

The first year students also attend three times a week, during the in general chemistry. The text-book for reference in this department is Roscoe's Chemistry, English edition, 1869; and the notation adopted is in accordance with the unitary atomic system.

Analytical chemistry. There are two laboratories devoted to qualitative analysis, and one of larger size to quantitative analysis, besides the assay laboratory. These laboratories are provided with all the necessary apparatus and oxtures, and each is under the special charge of a competent assistant. Each student is provided with a convenient table, with drawers and cupboards, and is supplied with a complete outfit of apparatus and chemical reagents.

During the first year qualitative analysis is taught by lectures and blackboard exercises, and the student is required to repeat all the experiments at his table in the laboratory. Having acquired a thorough experimental knowledge of the reactions of a group of bases or acids, single members of the group or mixtures are submitted to him for identification. He thus proceeds from simple to complex cases till he is able to determine the composition of the most difficult mixtures. Constant use is made of the spectroscope in these investigations.

When the student shows on written or experimental examination that he is sufficiently familiar with qualitative analysis, he is allowed to enter the quantitative laboratory.

During the second and third years quantitative analysis is taught by lectures and blackboard exercises, and the student is required to execute in the laboratory, in a satisfactory manner, a certain number of analyses. He first analyzes substances of known composition, such as crystallized salts, that the accuracy of his work may be tested by a comparison of his results with the true percentages. These analyses are repeated till he has acquired sufficient skill to insure accurate results. He is then required to make analyses of more complex substances, such as coals, limestones, ores of copper, iron, nickel, and zine, pig-iron, slags, technical products, &c.; cases in which the accuracy of the work is determined by duplicating the analyses, and by comparing the results of different analysts.

Volumetric methods are employed whenever they are more accurate or more expeditious than the gravimetric methods. In this way each student acquires practical experience in the chemical analysis of the ores and products which he is most likely to meet in practice.

Stoichiometry.-Stoichiometry, the arithmetic of chemistry, is taught in a special course of lectures and blackboard exercises, during the second session of the first year. Assaying. During the third year the student is admitted to the assay laboratory, where he is provided with a suitable table and a set of assay apparatus, and where he has access to crucible and muffle furnaces, and to volumetric apparatus for bullion assay by the wet process. The general principles as well as the special methods of assaying are explained in the lecture-room, and at the same time the ores of the various metals are exhibited and described. The student is then supplied with suitable material, ores of known composition, and is required to make assays himself. He first receives ores of lead, the sulphuret, carbonate, and phosphate, which he mixes with the proper fluxes, and heats in the furnace, obtaining a button of lead which he carefully weighs, thus determining the percentage of metal in the ore. He then determines by cupellation the amount of silver in the lead. Silver-ores are next given to him, at first those which are most easily assayed, such as mixtures of chloride of silver with quartz; afterward more complex ores, such as galena, ruby-silver oгe, mispickel, fahlerz, &c. These he is required to assay both in the crucible and in the scorifier. Ores of gold are next supplied, auriferous quartz, slates, pyrites, blende, &c., which are assayed by the most reliable methods.

To facilitate the assay of ores of the precious metals a system of weights has been introduced, by which the weight of silver or gold globules obtained in the assay shows at once, without calculation, the number of troy ounces in a ton of ore.

The student then passes on to the assay of silver and gold bullion, the former by Gay-Lussac's volumetric method, the latter by "quartation," or "parting." Ores of tin, antimony, and iron are then assayed in the dry way, when the course is completed. Each student thus executes two or three hundred assays himself, under the immediate supervision of the instructor.

Applied chemistry. -The instruction in applied chemistry extends through the second and third years, and consists of lectures, illustrated by experiments, diagrams, and specimens. The subjects discussed are:

I. Chemical manufactures, acids, alkalies, and salts.

II. Glass, porcelain, and pottery.

III. Limes, mortars, and cements.

IV. Fuel and its applications.

V. Artificial illumination, candles, oils and lamps, petroleum, gas and its products. VI. Food and drink, bread, water, milk, tea, coffee, sugar, fermentation, wines, beer, spirits, vinegar, preservation of food, &c.

VII. Clothing, textile fabrics, bleaching, dyeing, calico-printing, paper-tanning, glue, India rubber, gutta-percha, &c.

VIII. Artificial fertilizers, guano, superphosphates, poudrettes, &c.
IX. Disinfectants, antiseptics, preservation of wood, &c.

Mineralogy. The studies in the department of mineralogy continue through two years. In the first year the students are instructed in crystallography and the use of the blow-pipe. The lectures on crystallography are illustrated by models, which the students are required to determine under the eye of the professor. A collection of glass models, and of models in wood, illustrating all of the important actual and theoretical forms, is always accessible to the students. The exercises in blow-pipe determination are entirely practical; known mixtures are first given to the student to examine, and when he is sufficiently familiar with them, unknown mixtures are determined. In the second year the lectures are illustrated by conferences, where the student is required to determine minerals by their physical and blow-pipe characters. The mineralogical alogical cabinet contains about ten thousand specimens, which are labeled, and open to the public. Besides this, there is a collection of about two thousand specimens, to which the students have an unrestricted access.

Geology. The course of instruction in this department is as follows: First year.Botany and zoology as an introduction to palæontology; lectures throughout the year. Second year.-Lithology: minerals which form rocks, and rock-masses of the different classes; lectures and pr practical exercises. Geology: cosmical, physiographic, and historical; lectures throughout the year. Third year.-Economic geology: theory of mineral-veins, ores, deposits, and distribution of iron, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, mercury, and other metals; graphite, coal, lignite, peat, asphalt, petroleum, salt, clay, limestone, cements, building and ornamental stones, &c. Palæontology: systematic review of recent and fossil forms of life; lectures throughout the year.

Metallurgy. The metallurgical course includes lectures on the preparation of fuels, construction of furnaces, the manufacture of metals, projects and estimates for the erection of metallurgical works. The lectures cover a period of two years, and discuss in detail the methods in use in the best establishments in this country, and in Europe, for the working of ores, with practical details of charges, labor, and cost of erection, obtained from the most authentic sources. Special attention is given to ores of this country which are difficult to treat, and to the solution of practical problems which are likely to occur. The lectures are illustrated by models, drawings of furnaces, and collections of metallurgical products. The projects assigned to the students familiarize them with the method of making plans and estimates for the erection of works. The ore to be worked and the various conditions which are required are given to the student at the close of the second year. During the summer vacation he is expected to visit works, and to ascertain what the practical requirements are. During the third year the drawings, estimates, and descriptions of the processes are completed and submitted for inspection and approval.

Mining engineering.-Mining engineering is taught during the second year. The instruction comprises a course of lectures illustrating the theory and practice of mining operations at home and abroad; giving the general principles of reconnoitering and surveying mineral property and mines; the attack, development, and administration of mines, and the mechanical preparation of ores, with the exhibition and use of all necessary reconnoitering and surveying instruments, particularly the mining theodolite, and the exhibition of various models.

In surveying, the student is taught to make surface surveys of the limited extent he needs, and subterranean surveys to direct and adjust his works; also, the solution of some problems of underground surveying by descriptive geometry, and many special examples of given lines below, &c. Attack describes the miner's methods, the use of drills, picks, powder, nitro-glycerine, compressed air, &c.; the proper location and construction of tunnels, slopes, shafts, wells for sounding, artesian wells, salt and oil wells, preceded by a theory ory and description of the most typical veins, true or irregular, and other deposits of ore, salt, coal, and oil, exemplified at home and abroad.

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Development includes the best methods for laying out subterranean works for production and conservation in the present and future; for proper and economic ventilation, transportation, hoisting, pumping, or draining, distribution of workmen, &c. Administration includes a review of the foregoing, with regard to a concentration of ideas and a general comparison of production cost to market price of untreated ore. Here the student is taught to forecast the expense of the establishments he must make, their annual cost, the cost of miners, employés, machines, material, &c., and offset these with the result of production, so endeavoring to solve the problem of making a given mine pay in given circumstances, by scientific attack, distribution, and general

rational economy.

Mechanical preparation describes the various accepted methods of reducing massive ores to a condition either yielding metal or fitting the material for metallurgical processes. Models of stamps, crushers, shaking-tables, sluices, &c., are exhibited with plans and sections of mills and coal-breakers.

Machines. The course on machines, which is inseparable from that of mining engineering, is given during the third year. It teaches the theory of the machines used in mining-works. It is the application of mechanics to the construction of water-wheels, turbines, windmills, steam and hot-air engines, pumps, and ventilators, transmission of force by compressed air, and the formulæ, with their theory, for the resistance of materials. Models of water-wheels, steam-cylinders, steam-engines, blowing-machines, &c., are exhibited.

In the resistance of materials the calculations are shown for the sections of different parts of machines, the fly-wheel, pump-rods, connecting-rods, &c.; also, for such constructions as retaining-walls, arches, timbering, supports, &c. The course of the third year also includes a plan of drawing and estimates from some projected work of mining, or the construction of a machine for some of the uses of mining.

This system of projects is to the young engineer a real practical application of all his three years' study, by which he is made to investigate prices, compare theories, models, methods, and dispositions, and, in competing with his class, to take pains to furnish the best arguments, illustrations, and calculations be can, in order to support his views.

Library and collections. A special scientific library and reading-room have been provided for the use of the students of the school, which already numbers two thousand volumes, and which is rapidly increasing. Seventy of the best foreign and American scientific journals are regularly received. Collections of specimens and models illustrating all the subjects taught in the school are accessible to the student, including crystal models, minerals, ores, and metallurgical products, models of furnaces, collections illustrating applied chemistry, fossils, economic minerals, rocks, Olivier's models of descriptive geometry, models of mining-machines, models of mining-tools.

The lectures on crystallography are illustrated by a collection of one hundred and fifty models in glass, which show the axes of the crystals, and the relation of the derived to the primitive form. This suite is completed by three hundred and fifty models in wood, showing most of the actual and theoretical forms.

The collection of minerals comprises about ten thousand specimens, arranged in table cases. The minerals are accompanied by a large collection of models in wood, showing the crystalline form of each. Arranged in wall-cases are large specimens, showing the association of minerals.

A collection of metallurgical products, illustrating the different stages of the type process in use in the extraction of each metal, is accessible to the students. This collection is constantly increasing. Most of the specimens have been analyzed and assayed.

An extensive collection of models of furnaces has been imported from Europe. A very large number of working drawings of furnaces and machines used in the different processes are always accessible to the students; and several thousand specimens of materials and products illustrating applied chemistry have already been collected.

The geological collection consists of over sixty thousand specimens, including systematic series of rocks, fossils, and useful minerals. In this series is to be found the largest collection of fossil plants in the world, including many remarkably large and

fine specimens, and over two hundred new species, of which representatives are not known to exist elsewhere. Also, the most extensive series of fossil fishes in the country, including, among many new and remarkable forms, the only specimens known of the gigantic dinichthys; a suite of Ward's casts of extinct saurians and mammals; a fine skeleton of the great Irish elk, &c.

Requirements for admission.-Candidates for admission to the first year of the school must not be less than eighteen years of age. They must pass a satisfactory examination in algebra, geometry, and plane, analytical, and spherical trigonometry, physics, and general chemistry.

Candidates for the preparatory year must be seventeen years of age, and must pass a satisfactory examination in arithmetic, including the metric system of weights, measures, and moneys, and in portions of algebra and geometry. Those who are not candidates for a degree may pursue any of the branches taught in the school.

During the vacation each student is expected to visit mines, metallurgical and chemical establishments, and to hand in, on his return, a journal of his travels, and a memoir on some subject assigned him. He is also required to bring collections, illustrating his journal and memoir, which collections are placed in the museum, reserved as a medium of exchange, or made use of in the laboratories. For pupils who have been proficient, and who desire to devote special attention to any one branch, application will be made for permission to work in particular mines or manufactories. This will be done only as the highest reward of merit that the institution can give. Prizes are awarded to students who pass the best examination in mineralogy, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and assaying, &c. At the close of the course are conferred degrees of Civil Engineer, Engineer of Mines, and Bachelor of Philosophy. The fee for the full course is $200 per annum.

Special students in chemistry pay $200 per annum. Special students in assaying are admitted for two months for a fee of $50 in advance. The fees for single courses of lectures vary from $10 to $30. Students unable to meet the expenses of the school are instructed gratuitously.

THE SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF YALE COLLEGE, NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT.

Officers of instruction. William A. Norton, civil engineering and mathematics; Chester S. Lyman, physics and astronomy; William D. Whitney, linguistics and German; William P. Trowbridge, dynamic engineering; Samuel W. Johnson, agricultural and analytical chemistry; George J. Brush, metallurgy and mineralogy; William H. Brewer, agriculture; Daniel C. Gilman, physical geography and history; Daniel C. Eaton, botany; Othniel C. Marsh, palæontology; Addison E. Verrill, zoology and geology; Eugene C. Delfosse, French; Louis Bail, drawing; Mark Bailey, elocution; Oscar D. Allen, metallurgy and assaying; Daniel H. Wells, analytical and descriptive geometry; Thomas R. Lounsbury, English; William G. Mixter, elementary chemistry; Sidney I. Smith, zoology; Albert B. Hill, surveying and mechanics; Russell W. Davenport, assistant in chemistry; Charles S. Hastings, assistant in physics.

The chief instructor and their specialties may be thus grouped:

I. Engineering, &c.-Mathematics and civil engineering, W. A. Norton; mechanical or dynamic engineering, W. P. Trowbridge; astronomy, theoretical and practical, C. S. Lyman; analytical and descriptive geometry, D. H. Wells; land surveying, A. B. Hill; drawing, mathematical and free-hand, L. BAIL.

II. Chemistry, &c. -Theoretical and analytical chemistry, S. W. Johnson; metallurgy and assaying, G. J. Brush and O. D. Allen; elementary chemistry, W. G. Mixter; agricultural chemistry, S. W. Johnson; agriculture, W. H. Brewer; laboratory practice, W. G. Mixter and O. D. Allen; physics, C. S. Lyman.

III. Natural history, &c.-Mineralogy, G. J. Brush; botany, D. C. Eaton; zoology, A. E. Verrill and S. I. Smith; palæontology, O. C. Marsh; geology, A. E. Verrill; physical geography, D. C. Gilman.

IV. Language, &c. -German, W. D. Whitney; French, E. C. Delfosse; English, T. R. Lounsbury; elocution, M. Bailey; linguistics, W. D. Whitney; modern history and political economy, D. C. Gilman.

Summary of students. Graduates, 27; seniors, 21; juniors, 35; freshmen, 55; special students, 8; total, 146.

Relations to Yale College. The relations of the scientific department to the classical department of Yale College may be thus stated: The instructors, terms of admission, courses of study, and methods of instruction in the two departments are different; but both institutions are harmoniously organized under one board of trustees, and consequently the students have in common certain university privileges, and are alike entitled to become graduates of Yale College.

It is this union and this individuality which give the Sheffield School at New Haven the steadiness of a firm and well-tried institution, with the freedom of a new founda