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splendour, till 1601; when after having beheaded Mary, Queen of Scots, and established the protestant religion, she was succeeded by James VI. of Scotland, and First of England, a descendant by marriage from the royal family of England. He was succeeded, 1625, by his son, Charles I. Charles had great contentions with his parliament, and was at length, after much civil war, beheaded, 1649.

Oliver Cromwell, under the name of Protector, was at the head of the British government about ten years. Charles II. 1660, succeeded his father, and died in 1685. His brother, James II. reigned a few years, and then abdicated the throne. William of Orange, who had married Mary, daughter of James II. was called to the throne. William III. died 1702, and was succeeded by Anne, another daughter of James II. In 1714, on the death of Queen Anne, parliament invited to the throne George, Elector of Hanover, who had married a descendant of Charles I. the nearest protestant heir. He reigned till 1727, when his son, George II. succeeded: who held the sceptre till 1761; when he was succeeded by his grandson, George III. who died in 1820.

Soon after his accession to the throne, commenced the disputes with America, which led to the American revolution. The threatening aspect of the French revolution, induced the British to take up arms against the French. This war continued, with little intermission, about twenty years; when it was finally closed, 1815, by the total discomfiture of Bonaparte, at the battle of Waterloo and though it greatly increased the national debt, while it established, in a great measure, the peace and the liberties of Europe, it added splendour to the army and navy, from their numerous and important achievements.

George IV. the present monarch, is the oldest son of the late king. He had been regent since 1811.

SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND.

The union of the Heptarchy, under Alfred the Great, who may be fairly styled the first English monarch, and laid the foundation of the government,

Alfred was succeeded by his

son, Edward the Elder,

Athelstan,

Edmund,

Edred,

Edwy,

Edgar,

Henry III.
Edward I.
Edward II:
Edward III.
Richard II.

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880 Henry IV.

1399

Henry V.

1412

910 Henry VI.

1442

925 Edward IV.

1460

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Edward, the Martyr,

975 Edward VI.

1546

Etheldred,

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Edmond Ironside,

1016 Elizabeth,

1558

Canute the Dane, Danish line,

1017 James I.

1602

Harold Harefoot, Danish line,

1035 Charles I.

1625

Hardicanute, Danish line,

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Edward the confessor,

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Harold,.

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William the Conqueror, Dan

Ann,

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1702

ish line,

1714

William Rufus,

1727

Henry I.

1760

Stephen,

1135 Regency of the Prince of

Henry II.
Richard I.

John,

1811

1820

SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE.

Pharamond led his Franks

over the Rhine, in the fifth century; from whom descended Clovis-who commenced his reign,

The next sovereign worthy of notice was Clotair I.

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Pepin-son of Charles,

End of the first race of kings. Philip,

Charlemagne,

Lewis, Debonnaire,.

Lothario,

Lewis II.

751 Henry 1.

1031

1059

771 Lewis VI.

1106

814 Lewis VII.

1137

840 Philip II-styled August,

1180

855 Lewis VIII.

1223

Charles the Bald,

875 Lewis IX.

1226

K2.

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PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF

THE U. STATES OF AMERICA.

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A

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

OF

REMARKABLE EVENTS, DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS.

Before

Christ.

The creation of the world, and Adam and Eve,

4004

The birth of Cain,

4003

The old world is destroyed by a deluge, continuing 377 days, 2348

The tower of Babel is built by Noah's posterity, about

2247

Ninus, the son of Belus, founds the kingdom of Assyria, which lasted above 1000 years, and out of its ruins were formed the Assyrians of Babylon, those of Nineveh, and the kingdom

of the Medes,

2059

Joseph dies in Egypt, which concludes the book of Genesis,

containing a period of 2369 years,

1635

Aaron born in Egypt,

1574

Cecrops brings a colony of Saites from Egypt into Attica, and begins the kingdom of Athens,

1556

Cadmus carried the Phœnician letters into Greece, and built

the Citadel of Thebes,

1493

Moses performs a number of miracles in Egypt, and departs from that kingdom, together with 600,000 Israelites, besides children; which completed the 430 years of sojourning,

1491

The Olympic games celebrated at Olympia in Greece,

1453

The Pentateuch, or five first books of Moses, are written in the land of Moab, where he died the year following, aged 110, The Israelites, after sojourning in the wilderness forty years, are led under Joshua into the land of Canaan, and the period of

1452

the sabbatical year commences,

1451

The rape of Helen by Paris, which gave rise to the Trojan war, 1193

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Money first made of gold and silver at Argos,

894

The city of Carthage, in Africa, founded by queen Dido,

869

The kingdom of Macedon begins,

814

Era of the building of Rome in Italy, by Romulus, first king

of the Romans,

753

Samaria taken, after three years siege, and the kingdom of Israel finished by Salmanasar, king of Assyria, who carries the ten tribes into captivity,

720

The city of Jerusalem taken after a siege of 18 months,
Cyrus the first king of Persia,

The kingdom of Babylon terminates, 538.; that city being taken
by Cyrus, who issues an edict for the return of the Jews,

587

559

536

Xerxes the Great, king of Persia, begins his expedition against
Greece,

The history of the Old Testament finishes about
Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, conquers Darius king of
Persia, and other nations of Asia, 331. Dies at Babylon, and
his empire is divided by his generals into four kingdoms,
Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, employs seventy-two in-
terpreters to translate the Old Testament into the Greek lan-
guage, which is called the Septuagint.

481

430

284

The first Punic war begins, and continues 23 years. The chrono-
logy of the Arundelian marbles composed,.
Carthage, the rival of Rome, is razed to the ground by the
Romans,

264

146

The Alexandrian library, consisting of 400,000 valuable books, burnt by accident,

52

Cæsar, the greatest of the Roman conquerors, after having fought
fifty pitched battles, and slain 1,192,000 men, and overturned
the liberties of his country, is killed in the senate-house,
The battle of Actium fought, in which Mark Antony and Cle-
opatra are totally defeated by Octavius, nephew to Julius
Cæsar,

Alexandria, in Egypt, is taken by Octavius, upon which Antony
and Cleopatra put themselves to death, and Egypt is reduced
to a Roman province,

The temple of Janus is shut by Augustus as an emblem of universal peace,

JESUS CHRIST, is born

JESUS CHRIST is baptized in the wilderness by John,

66

44

35

30

ib.

After

Christ.

27

33

64

306

is crucified, and rises again on the third day, Rome setion fire, and burned for six days; upon which began (under Nero) the first persecution against the Christians,

Constantine the Great begins his reign,

The tenth persecution ends by an edict of Constantine, who fa-
vours the Christians, and gives full liberty to their religion
The first general council at Nice, when 318 fathers attended,
against Arius, where was composed the famous Nicene creed,
which we attribute to them,

Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed,
Rome taken and plundered by Alaric, king of the Visi-Goths,
The Romans reduced to extremities at home, withdraw their
troops from Britain, and never return,

Attila (surnamed the scourge of God) with his Huns, ravages the
Roman empire,

313

325

331

410

426

447

Clovis, king of France, baptized, and Christianity begins in that kingdom,

496

The power of the Popes, by the concessions of Phocas, emperor of the East, begins,

606

Mahomet, the false prophet, flies from Mecca to Medina,

622

Jerusalem is taken by the Saracens,

637

Charlemagne, king of France, begins the empire of Germany, afterwards called the western empire; and gives the present names to the winds and the months,

800

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