...irritate when inhaled, as concentrated ammonia, or as pure chlorine, or as hydrochloric acid, werk deleterious effects. These facts should of themselves...correlatives of actions conducive to its welfare. Wo need not, however, rest satisfied with an induction from these instances yielded by the essential...

...that violently irritate when inhaled, as concentrated ammonia, or as pure chlorine, or as hydrochloric acid, work deleterious effects. These facts should...conviction, spite of apparent exceptions, that pains are ~~Qi6 correlatives of actions injurious to the organism, while pleasures are the correlatives of actions...

...remarkable passages which may be regarded as foreshadowing the discovery, now the bulwark of utilitarianism, that pains are the correlatives of actions injurious...correlatives of actions conducive to its welfare. "Pleasures are the incentives to life-supporting acts, and pains the deterrents from life-destroying...

...hypothesis of evolution " — which shows that " necessarily throughout the animate world at large, pains are the correlatives of actions injurious to...the correlatives of actions conducive to its welfare ". But, granting this connexion to be established, I do not see how we can strictly infer from it that...

...blundering methods of Empiricism is, as has been suggested, the inspiring motive of Mr. Spencer's theory that " pains are the correlatives of actions injurious...organism, while pleasures are the correlatives of actions condusive to its welfare ". The practical outcome of such a theory is to " substitute Preservation...

...Principles of Psychology, § 124, it was shown that necessarily, throughout the animate world at large, "pains are the correlatives of actions injurious to...the correlatives of actions conducive to its welfare ;" since " it is an inevitable deduction from the hypothesis of Evolution, that races of sentient creatures...

...hand by deduction from the hypothesis of evolution, to conclude that ' pains arc the 1 Eth. iii. ii. correlatives of actions injurious to the organism,...correlatives of actions conducive to its welfare.' But an action or event conducive to the welfare of the organism is precisely what Spinoza means by...

...smells. The intense vegetal bitters are poisonous in any considerable quantities, and the iutenscst are poisonous in very small quantities. Powerful acids,...yielded by the essential vital functions ; for it ia an inevitable deduction from the hypothesis of Evolution, that races of sentient creatures could...

...the hypothesis of evolution'—which shows that ' necessarily throughout the animate world at large, pains are the correlatives of actions injurious to...correlatives of actions conducive to its welfare'." This is true as far as it goes; but, ignoring as he does all passages concerning the universal process...

...is abundantly confirmed ct posteriori where the actions are of allessential kinds." * Thus we find that pains are the correlatives of actions injurious...correlatives of actions conducive to its welfare, t It is a corollary from this that the seeking of pleasures as such, and the avoidance of pains as...