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APPENDIX 16.-MAPS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION, 1935 1

The maps in this appendix supplement the maps which are contained in chapter IV. Those showing the location of manufacturing plants in 1935 are derived from the 1935 Census of Manufactures and are constructed in the same manner as the ones in chapter IV, a dot for each establishment regardless of size. It would be desirable to map the location of each industry in terms of numbers employed instead of in terms of plant location. The Bureau of the Census, however, is unable to release the necessary material, for all returns made to it by individuals are strictly confidential, and the Bureau is prohibited by law from disclosing individual data. The maps are arranged in groups of related industries to show the flow of products through the manufacturing processes. All manufacturing industries employing 25,000 or more persons in 1935 are shown either in chapter IV or in this appendix, together with several smaller industries related to the larger ones. The text and appendix maps combined represent 80.5 percent of all persons engaged in manufacturing.

The maps of agricultural products, in the text and in this appendix, have been supplied by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture. They cover the main crops and livestock and include 83.5 percent of all persons engaged in agriculture. In addition, 74 percent of the miners are represented by the maps of coal, iron ore, and petroleum.

Agricultural Products.-Maps A-1, A-2, and A-4 show the distribution of the major feed and forage crops, in addition to corn (ch. IV, map 14). Although some corn, oats, and barley reach the consumer directly, these crops for the most part are the first step in the production of meat and dairy products, or the second step where grass fed cattle are shipped from grazing areas to feeding centers for fattening. The second step is shown in map A-3, poultry, and in the maps of livestock, A-5, A-7, A-9, A-10. The production of beef and swine is closely associated geographically with the production of feed crops while sheep are more generally to be found in the grazing areas. Poultry are widely distributed in all types of agricultural areas where they constitute a supplementary crop and in the vicinity of urban centers and convenient markets.

1 Appendix 16 was prepared by Caroline F. Ware and Grace W. Knott. 2 See ch. III, map 4.

Maps A-5 to A-8 show two distinct patterns of location in two branches of the meat and dairy industries. The production of beef cattle is closely associated geographically with the location of grazing areas and the production of corn for fattening. The meat packing industry, shown in map A-6, consists of the large packing centers of the meat raising areas, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, Omaha, and St. Paul, the smaller packing houses adjacent to urban population centers, and a scattering of local abbatoirs, slaughtering locally raised livestock largely for local consumption.

The distribution of dairy cows shown in map A-7 differs noticeably from the distribution of beef cattle. Whereas dairy cattle are heavily localized in the Wisconsin-Minnesota areas north of the beef cattle center, they are absent from the western range and are very plentiful in the northeastern section near the centers of urban population. The dairy products industry contains two parts, fluid milk, and butter and other products. The bottling and distribution of fluid milk follows closely the pattern of urban consumer distribution, and is not here shown. Butter, shown in map A-8, is clearly associated with the raw material. Its concentration follows the distribution of dairy cows except for the dairy cattle in the vicinities of the northeastern cities where almost the entire product goes into fluid milk.

From the packing houses a part of the product goes into a further stage of fabrication, namely, leather. The distribution of the leather industry, map A-11, is largely unrelated to the location of the major packing centers. Although some leather manufacture is carried on in the Chicago area, this industry is mainly associated with the next stage of fabrication into boots and shoes and other leather products. The boot and shoe industry, shown on map A-12, is an industry localized in a series of centers. Originally almost entirely a New England industry it has developed centers in New York State, the St. Louis area, southern Ohio, eastern Pennsylvania, and Illinois.

The distribution of fruits and vegetables raised for market is shown in maps A-13 and A-14. A substantial proportion of these products reaches the consumer in a canned rather than fresh state. The fruit and vegetable canning industry shown in map A-15

is clearly attached to the fruit and vegetable raising areas. Serving the canning industry is the manufacture of tin cans which, because of their bulk, tend to be fabricated in the vicinity of the point where they are used. Map A-16 shows the tin can industry in most, though not all, centers of canning. This map does not show tin cans alone, for other types of containers than tin cans and other tinware are included.

These series of maps, A-1 to A-16, together with maps 13-16 in chapter IV, show the growing and processing of principal foods. With the exception of fish, they have included the main foods produced in the United States and, with the exception of liquor manufacture, sugar processing, condensed milk, cheese, ice cream, prepared cereals, and some miscellaneous food preparations, all the commercial food manufacturing activity of any substantial volume.

Maps A-17 to A-20 show tobacco and its products, together with fertilizer which is extensively used in tobacco production. The latter, shown in map A-17, is also used in the production of truck, potatoes, and cotton, and in mixed farming, and its distribution reflects these flows as well as that to tobacco culture. Tobacco growing and the manufacture of cigarettes are highly localized and closely associated. Cigars, however, follow a very different pattern, for cigar manufacture is in large measure still an unmechanized industry located in urban centers.

Textiles.-Maps A-21 to A-28 confirm the evidence of the cotton textile maps in chapter IV as to the footloose character of textile industries. The location of woolen manufacture in the northeastern industrial areas, especially New England, bears slight relation to the location of resources. The manufacture of silk is highly localized on the eastern seaboard although the raw silk is imported on the west coast. Rayon is made in scattered plants. Rayon products are clearly bunched in the industrial areas. The latter frequently owe their location to historical factors, for in many instances the making of rayon cloth has come into plants originally built for the manufacture of cotton but abandoned for the latter purpose when the cotton industry migrated from New England to the southern piedmont. Most types of textiles must be dyed and finished before being made into garments. Map A-22 shows the location of dyeing and finishing plants adjacent to the centers of production of the various types of textiles. In addition, a scattering of finishing plants is to be found outside of the main areas of textile production and closer to the next stage of fabrication-the clothing manufacture.

Yarns of all types, in addition to being woven into textiles and made into garments, are knit into stockings, jerseys, sweaters, etc. The distribution of knit goods, map A-24, follows roughly that of the cotton

and silk industries with a combination of a northern center and a southern center. The northern center for the cotton textile industry is in New England whereas that of the knit-goods industry is in the Philadelphia area. The southern location of knit goods is less concentrated in North Carolina and somewhat more concentrated in eastern Tennessee. In the latter respect it reflects a later migration from north to south reaching the piedmont area after the latter had become an industrial center and moving into the eastern Tennessee section which had been relatively undeveloped industrially.

Iron and steel.-Maps A-29 to A-40 are further illustrations of the distribution of later stages of steel fabrication on the line of flow from resources to consumers and of the concentration in the northeastern industrial area, especially in the Great Lakes region, of industries manufacturing steel products.

Forest products. For the most part, the fabrication of forest products is carried on in relatively small scale establishments whose distribution clearly reflects the line of flow. The production of lumber and timber products indicated on map A-41 shows a wide distribution of this activity wherever timber resources are to be found. The impression created by this map, however, needs to be corrected by consideration of the numbers employed and the actual amount of timber produced in the respective localities. Although the northeastern and the north Michigan and Wisconsin areas show a large number of establishments, they represent a very slight proportion of the employment or the product. The widely distributed lumbering activity shown in the South is somewhat more extensive in terms of the volume of employment than that reflected in the Pacific Northwest. In terms of employment, the Southern industry employed approximately 43 percent and the west coast 30 percent as against 5.5 percent in Michigan and Wisconsin and 2.8 percent in New England and New York. In terms of product the west coast produced 40.5 percent, the South 37.6 percent, while the Michigan-Wisconsin area produced only 3.6 percent and New England and New York 2.8 percent.

Since lumber is one of the products which loses most bulk in its first stages of fabrication, it is natural to find the lumber mills located close to the lumber resource. The next stage, planing mills, map A-42, is found to some extent in the vicinity of lumber mills but more generally in proximity to the two main uses of lumber, the industries using wood products and particularly the construction industry located in centers of population. A satisfactory basis for mapping the construction industry was not available. This series for forest products is, therefore, very incomplete, by reason of the omission of the main lumber-using industry.

Whereas planing mills, insofar as they are located at a distance from the resources and from the first stage of fabrication, are primarily located with reference to the construction industry, the fabrication of furniture follows a pattern of its own. Map A-43 shows this pattern. The industry here mapped is in part two industries, one using wood, the other metal, but since wood furniture comprises more than three-quarters of the total volume, the main characteristics shown in the map are determined by this branch of the industry. It is scattered extensively through the industrial States of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. More recently a new center has been developed in the southern piedmont, until at present North Carolina is second in the number of persons employed in the industry. The plants scattered through the South, Middle West, and New England largely represent small enterprises manufacturing for a local custom market.

The most bulky wood products and those which are therefore fabricated close to their ultimate use are wooden boxes. Their manufacture shown in map A-44 reflects the combination of agricultural demand for boxes for shipping of fruit, vegetables, etc., and the demands of small scale industries such as that which is represented in the New England area. Of the total employment in the industry nearly a quarter is accounted for by the three fruit shipping States of California, Florida, and Georgia.

Maps A-45 to A-48 supplement chapter IV, maps 3336, pulp, paper, and printing, with industries that are auxiliary to printing and publishing and with a still later stage of paper fabrication, one in which scrap paper constitutes a substantial part of the raw material.

Petroleum.-Production, transportation, and refining

of petroleum are shown in maps A-49 to A-52. Refining largely follows the location of wells, but is also located in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania near centers of population. The direction of oil and gasoline trunk pipe lines clearly shows the flow from production centers to centers of consumption.

Other natural resource industries.-Maps A-53 to A-56 add other natural resource industries. Clay and stone products are typical of bulky and widely distributed resources fabricated locally for local or regional use. The glass industry, however, shows a high degree of localization, even though the raw material is fully as widely scattered as are clay and stone. Here a second resource, natural gas, which is extensively used in glass manufacture, contributes to the location of the industry.

Miscellaneous industries.-The remaining maps show industries which are typical of activity carried on in the industrial area. In no case is the industry closely attached to a localized resource. In the case of rubber and confectionery the raw materials are wholly or largely imported. Industries such as radio apparatus, refrigerators, and aircraft involve a high degree of fabrication of a wide variety of materials. Whereas these industries together account for only a small proportion of the employment in the industrial areas. they constitute a representative sample of the type of industry which is footloose and tends to settle in industrialized areas. Where any particular degree of concentration in these products is shown as in the case of watches and rubber tires, for example, such concentration is largely a matter of historical accident followed by the investment of capital and the development of a skilled labor force. The last four maps, A-69 to A-72, make up a miscellaneous group.

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