At the opposite extreme from industries which are tied to the resources which they use are those which are • tied to the consumer. Map 10, showing the location of commercial ice manufacture, gives an example of this type of activity. Direct services to the consumer and retail trade are necessarily most closely tied to the individuals who are served.

A third type of geographical distribution is represented by those industries whose resource material is widely distributed, whose bulk is great and whose destination is the ultimate consumer. Map 11, showing the distribution of cement plants, indicates the type of regional distribution characteristic of this sort of activity. The materials out of which cement is produced are widely distributed. Cement plants exploit these resources largely in relation to the regional market to which the cement is to be shipped. Building bricks are perhaps an even better illustration of this type of geographical distribution. Map A-53 in Appendix 16, showing the distribution of clay products, includes the distribution of brick kilns. Unfortunately the brick industry is not separately reported and its regionality cannot thus be clearly shown

The great bulk of manufacturing activity is intermediate between resources and consumers and follows a pattern of location which is determined by a number of factors in addition to those discussed above. Between the resource and the consumer lie successive steps in fabrication. To a considerable degree, the geographical structure of manufacturing follows the flow of goods from the location of natural resources where extraction takes place through preliminary processing, frequently close to the resource, through successive stages of processing, until a final stage takes place close to the con

sumer.

But historically there has developed the definite manufacturing area of the northeast shown in maps 2 and 5. The manufacture of machinery, shown in map 12, is representative of the types of industry located for the most part within this industrial area. The manufacturing activity carried on in the 2,801 counties outside of this area is very largely of the types illustrated in maps 9-11.

The location of an industry brings with itself the location of industries subsidiary to it. The manufacture of heels and shoe findings clings to the shoe industry, wherever it may be; the manufacture of machinery is closely related to the use of machinery; textile machinery, localized in New England when the cotton textile industry centered there, is now also produced in the North Carolina piedmont in close proximity to the newer textile mills. Where industry is located, there population congregates, and there drift industries which serve the consumer directly, contributing to the further industrialization of already industrialized areas.

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Flow of Goods from Resources to Consumers

When the flow from resource to consumers in each industry is traced in detail, there emerges a vivid picture of the dynamic aspect of the geographical structure. This flow through successive processing and fabricating stages to the final consumer is shown for selected groups of products in the series of maps which follow. Additional industries are mapped in the same fashion in Appendix 16. These maps show the location of industry, county by county, only on the basis of plant location. The solid areas indicate five or more plants in each of the counties covered. The use of plants as a basis for mapping distorts the picture, for a tiny plant employing half a dozen people is represented in the same manner as one employing 10,000. In order to correct, in part, the misleading impression resulting from this method the five leading States with the number of persons employed are shown on each map.

Agricultural Products

The flow of agricultural products from farmer to consumer is illustrated by maps 13-16, showing the distribution of wheat, corn, flour milling and baking. The major wheat and corn areas stand out in maps. 13 and 14. Map 15 shows the processing of these and other grains. The distribution of flour mills close to the wheat-raising areas and of mills scattered through corn-growing regions may here be seen. Flour milling as shown on this map not only represents the processing of two separate products, wheat and corn, but it also represents two separate types of industry, the large commercial flour mill supplying the national market and the local gristmill grinding local grain for local consumption. The many mills scattered through the mountain and piedmont areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee are almost entirely of this latter type. The bulk of the employment in the industry and of the value of the product is represented by the States of the Middle Western area and western New York. Bread manufacture, shown in map 16, is distributed through the centers of population. If this map is compared with the population map shown in chapter II, the two appear almost identical with respect to urban areas. Even in the rural areas, moreover, bread manufacture is represented, but here it follows the pattern of rural purchasing power rather than rural population. Commercial bakeries are well represented in the farming section of the West, but in poorer rural areas, especially in the South, baking remains a home industry.

The flows of other agricultural products are shown in the several series for livestock, grains, fruits and vegetables, and tobacco in appendix 16, maps A-1 to A-20.