APPENDIX I BACKGROUND MATERIAL ON POSTWAR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Atlantic Charter 1 JOINT DECLARATION BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNITED KINGDOM AUGUST 14, 1941 The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the people concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measures which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments. 1 Text from U.S. Department of State, "Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949", Charles I. Bevans, editor, vol. 3. "Multilateral, 1931-1945" (Publication 8484, Washington, 1969), pp. 686-87; State Department footnote and list of individual signers not included here. (269) Declaration by United Nations' (Signed at Washington January 1, 1942) A JOINT DECLARATION BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, CHINA, AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM, CANADA, COSTA RICA, CUBA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, EL SALVADOR, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HONDURAS, INDIA, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, NEW ZEALAND, NICARAGUA, NORWAY, PANAMA, POLAND, SOUTH AFRICA, YUGOSLAVIA.3 The Governments signatory hereto, Having subscribed to a common program of purposes and principles embodied in the Joint Declaration of the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland dated August 14, 1941, known as the Atlantic Charter. Being convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life, liberty, independence and religious freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands, and that they are now engaged in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world, DECLARE: (1) Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources, military or economic, against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such government is at war. (2) Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto and not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies. The foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. Done at Washington Lend-Lease Agreement Between the United States and Great Britain, Article VII' PRELIMINARY AGREEMENT SIGNED AT WASHINGTON FEBRUARY 23, 1942 Whereas the Governments of the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland declare that they are engaged in a cooperative undertaking, together with every other nation or people of like mind, to the end of laying the bases of a just and enduring world peace securing order under law to themselves and all nations * * * have agreed as follows: 2 Text from U.S. Department of State, "Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949", Charles I. Bevans, editor, vol. 3, "Multilateral, 1931-1945" (Publication 8484, Washington 1969), pp. 697-98; State Department footnotes not included here. The declaration was subsequently signed for Mexico and the Philippines (June 14, 1942), Iraq and Brazil (Apr. 10, 1943), Bolivia (May 5, 1943), Iran (Sept. 14, 1943), Colombia (Jan. 17, 1944), Ethiopia (Mar. 7, 1944). Liberia (Apr. 10, 1944), France (Jan. 1, 1945), Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Chile (Feb. 14, 1945), Venezuela (Feb. 20, 1945), Uruguay (Feb. 24, 1945), Turkey and Egypt (Feb. 28, 1945), and Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Lebanon (Apr. 12, 1945). Text from U.S. Department of State. "Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949", Charles I. Bevans, editor; vol. 12 (Publication 8761; Washington, 1974), pp. 603-06; State Department footnotes not included here. Early published version is U.S. Department of State, "Principles Applying to Mutual Aid in the Prosecution of the War Against Aggression Preliminary Agreement Between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Feb 23, 1942" (Publication 1790; Washington, 1942). A supplemental agreement was reached Sept. 3, 1942: Executive Agreement Series 270, printed in Bevans, vol. 12, p. 617. ARTICLE VII In the final determination of the benefits to be provided to the United States of America by the Government of the United Kingdom in return for aid furnished under the Act of Congress of March 11, 1941, the terms and conditions thereof shall be such as not to burden commerce between the two countries, but to promote mutually advantageous economic relations between them and the betterment of world-wide economic relations. To that end, they shall include provision for agreed action by the United States of America and the United Kingdom, open to participation by all other countries of like mind, directed to the expansion, by appropriate international and domestic measures, of production, employment, and the exchange and consumption of goods, which are the material foundations of the liberty and welfare of all peoples; to the elimination of all forms of discriminatory treatment in international commerce, and to the reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers; and, in general, to the attainment of all the economic objectives set forth in the Joint Declaration made on August 14, 1941,5 by the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At an early convenient date, conversations shall be begun between the two Governments with a view to determining, in the light of governing economic conditions, the best means of attaining the above-stated objectives by their own agreed action and of seeking the agreed action of other likeminded Governments. * EAS 236. ante, vol. 3. p. 686. * APPENDIX II PREVENTION OF FUTURE AGGRESSION AND THE MAINTENANCE OF PEACE: HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 25 AND RELATED MEASURES, 78TH CONGRESS, 1ST SESSION 1 Texts of Legislation The resolutions considered or cited by the Committee on Foreign Affairs at its executive sessions on June 8 and 11, 1943, are printed below, together with several related House items and the two principal corollary measures considered by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in the same legislative period. Collectively they represent the intensive interest of the Congress in questions of postwar international organization which developed in 1943, both as a reflection of, and goad to, public opinion. All the resolutions are shown as originally introduced and as amended in the legislative process by which the Fulbright Resolution (H. Con. Res. 25) and the Connally Resolution (S. Res. 192) ultimately passed the House and Senate, respectively, in the fall of 1943. The list follows: House Joint Resolutions 28, 70, 91, 93, and 146 as introduced; House Concurrent Resolutions 5, 14, 24, and 25 as introduced (also H. Con. Res. 25 both as reported by the Committee on Foreign Affairs and as amended by the Committee and passed by the House); House Resolutions 138 and 200 as introduced; Senate Resolutions 114, and 192 as introduced (also S. Res. 192 as reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations and passed by the Senate). TEXT OF HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION 28 (As introduced by Mr. Mundt on January 6, 1943, and referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs) JOINT RESOLUTION Creating a Post War Planning Commission Whereas it is necessary, if there is to be a durable peace concluded at the termination of the present war, that the American people prepare for peace; and Whereas preparation for solving the problems of peace requires study of what those problems may be and the consequences which their solution entails both upon future stability and peace of the rest of the World and upon the domestic economy of the United States; and Whereas, it is essential that the policy of the United States in respect of the treaty of peace have the undivided support of both major political parties in the United States; and 1 Legislative history of H. Con. Res. 25, 78th Congress, 1st session: Mr. Fulbright introduced H. Res. 200, declaring the sense of the House with respect to participation by the United States in the prevention of future aggression and the maintenance of peace. on Apr. 5, 1943; and its related measures were considered in executive session by the Committee on Foreign Affairs on June 8, 1943. Mr. Fulbright introduced H. Con. Res. 24, having the same title, on June 9, 1943, which was considered by the Committee in executive session on June 11, 1943. and again briefly on June 15, 1943, when it was favorably reported with altered wording, which Mr. Fulbright introduced the same day as H. Con. Res. 25, having the same title. On Sept. 20, 1943, the Committee voted to amend the proposed resolution by adding the words "through its constitutional processes," in which form the resolution was presented to the House of Representatives under suspension of the rules, debated, and passed on Sept. 21, 1943. A similar resolution, S. Res. 192, was introduced in the Senate by Mr. Connally on Oct. 14, 1943, favorably reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations on Oct. 21, 1943, and passed by the Senate in amended form on Nov. 5, 1943. Whereas since it cannot be foreseen which party will be in control of the Government of the United States at the termination of the present war, it is desirable that responsibility for and leadership and participation in that study be shared equally by both major political parties: Therefore be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That (a) there is hereby created a Post-War Planning Commission, which shall consist of thirty-two members chosen as follows: Eight members shall be chosen by the Honorable Cordell Hull and eight members shall be chosen by Ex-President Herbert Hoover. Four each of the members chosen by the Honorable Cordell Hull and Ex-President Herbert Hoover, respectively, shall be chosen to represent, respectively, agriculture, business, labor, and industry, and the other four members chosen by each shall be chosen with due regard to geographical distribution throughout the United States of citizens best fitted for a realistic consideration of the problems to be discussed by the Commission. Eight members shall be chosen from among the members of the Senate, four by the majority leader and four by the minority leader of the Senate. Eight members shall be chosen from among the members of the House of Representatives, four by the Speaker and four by the minority leader of the House of Representatives. The members of the Commission shall not receive any compensation for their services on the Commission, but shall be reimbursed for all necessary travel and subsistence expenses, (or receive a per diem in lieu thereof) while away from their residences on the business of the Commission. Any vacancy occurring in the membership of the Commission shall be filled in the same manner as the original choice was made, except that if, for any reason, such vacancy cannot be filled in such manner, it shall be filled by the choice of a person chosen by the affirmative vote of not less than twenty members of the Commission. The Commission shall select a chairman from among its members. (b) The Commission is authorized to employ and fix the compensation of such professional, technical, clerical, stenographic, and other employees as it deems necessary. SEC. 2. (a) It shall be the duty of the Commission to examine and study proposals and suggestions with respect to the organization of the world after the present war, to assemble and digest pertinent data with respect thereto, and to make recommendations from time to time relating to the post-war position of the United States in world affairs, its peace objectives, and its domestic postwar problems. (b) The Commission may exercise its powers either within or without the United States. (c) The Commission shall make a report to Congress not later than eight months after the date of the enactment of this Act, and shall make subsequent reports and recommendations whenever it deems it desirable so to do. (d) The Commission shall cease to exist on whichever of the following dates is the earlier: (1) the date one year after the President proclaims the termination of hostilities in the present war, or (2) the date of the ratification by the United States of the treaty of peace after the termination of the present war. SEC. 3. To carry out the provisions of this Act the sum of $100,000 is authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year. TEXT OF HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION 70 (As introduced by Mr. Kee on January 25, 1943, and referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs) JOINT RESOLUTION Advising that the President immediately or without undue delay enter into agreements with the several United Nations and other members of the community of sovereign nations to secure and maintain law, order, and peace among the covenanted nations Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in order to secure and preserve to the world a lasting peace as well as to safeguard the United States and other members of the United Nations against violations of their sovereignties or territorial boundaries by the methods of war or territorial aggression, the |