will be made up of representatives of countries lying within those regions plus such other members as may be added on nomination of the Central Committee. All of the countries have indicated they would like to have a representative of this country sitting on their various regional committees. It makes an umpire. It gives them assurance there is some disinterested person there.

Chairman BLOOM. This hemisphere is not represented at all?

Mr. ACHESON. We do not have a regional committee for this hemisphere because no relief is going on in this hemisphere. You have regional committees for the areas where relief is going to take place. Then there is the Supplies Committee which is made up of representatives of the principal supplying countries. Those will be, we think, obviously the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina-if it comes in-probably Brazil, and there may be several others. If Poland and Denmark get producing again, they will be exporters of materials and will undoubtedly be on that committee. But whatever country has a substantial surplus should be on this committee.

Then there is provision also for a whole group of function committees: committees on finance, transportation, and public health and housing, and all of that sort of thing. There is also provision that these functional committees may have subcommittees working with the regions. I will go on to the Director General for a moment and then come back to the actual working of it.

THE (AMERICAN) DIRECTOR GENERAL

The executive power is placed in the Director General. He is to be nominated by unanimous vote of the Central Committee, which is the four great powers, and then elected by the Council. He is also removable by unanimous vote of the Central Committee. It seems almost without much question that the Director General would be an American. It is quite possible in the document he may be anyone, but I should think there would be very little doubt that he would be an American, because of the large part this Government, this country, would play in the whole relief picture and also because an American would be more detached from the European and Far Eastern questions than someone else might be. He appoints all of his staff and all of his deputies. At one time it was suggested that they should be approved by the Council, but it was thought that would immediately bring in log-rolling-and Yugoslavia would say, "I will approve this man who is a Dutchman, if you will appoint someone who is a Yugoslav" so we cut that out and the Director General has complete power to select anybody. He will, of course, if he is wise, try to select people from a great number of countries, so that his staff will be truly international and he will do the same thing with his principal advisors or deputies.

Mr. EATON. I wonder, if he has got wide experience, would that be a drawback in appointing the Director General?

Mr. ACHESON. I beg your pardon?

Mr. EATON. If he happens to have very wide and unusual experience in such matters, would that be a drawback in appointing a Director General?

Mr. ACHESON. Well, I should not think so.

Chairman BLOOM. Go ahead, Mr. Acheson.

Mr. ACHESON. The Director General must work with the Council and the various committees of the Council in working up the policies which are laid down and in attempting to get the supplies which are necessary for the success of this organization. That brings me then to how we think this thing will work. The Director General will undoubtedly have a very sizable staff. It will be international in character and it will be expert in various lines-in purchasing, transportation, child care, and all those matters. The Director General's staff will have to work on two ends. It will have to work first of all with the regional committees, which are the receivers of relief, and the people who are responsible to their own countrymen for relief; find out what they be lieve is necessary, what they think the policies are which should be followed-whether this material should be given away or sold or both.

LEASE, PURCHASE, AND CONTRIBUTION OF SERVICES

Chairman BLOOM. Couldn't it be leased?

Mr. ACHESON. I do not believe it can be leased.
Chairman BLOOM. Why not?

Mr. ACHESON. It would be hard to recover some of them, I think. He would also have to work with the Supplies Committee because the Supplies Committee will be the point of contact with the supplying countries and he will have to get them to go back to their governments.10

Mr. VORYS. Would you mind an interruption?
Mr. ACHESON. Not at any time, Mr. Vorys.

Chairman BLOOM. Mr. Vorys.

Mr. VORYS. You mention contributions. Is there any arrangement for the financing or any method of obtaining these contributions other than as outright contributions? I do not know whether you used that word in the sense of contributions-charitable contributions-or merely as reference to the furnishing of the material.

Mr. ACHESON. Well, the materials will be acquired in two ways. On the one hand, various governments of the occupied countries have got substantial resources. Some have no resources at all. The French have substantial resources. So do the Dutch. The Norwegians have some; the Belgians have a little; the Poles have very little. The Yugoslavs have none at all and the Greeks have none. Those countries which have resources can make their purchases through the organization. All they are required to do is check with the Director General and the organization so that he knows what they are doing and as long as some sort of combined purchasing machinery exists, they are asked to use that machinery so that when the time comes when it is possible to purchase, the Dutch Government or the French Government could, using the Combined Food Board purchasing mechanism, buy in Argentina or anywhere else what they need. That will have to be coordinated by this central organization so that they won't walk off with all that there is.11 That is one way of securing funds. The other will be either by contribu

11

10 At this point the committee's file copy of this hearing has an omission of indeterminable length.

The preceding lines, beginning with "so that when" are struck through in the committee's file copy of this transcript.

tion from the country of origin or by contribution of funds by somebody which can be used to purchase in that country of origin.

Now, the organization will probably have some funds of its own which it will acquire by selling some of the properties which it has and some of the material which it has acquired. Those funds are not likely to be funds which will be very useful in purchasing more material from the main producing countries. They are likely to be local funds which they have in Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia or Belgium. This will be very useful in financing activities of this organization in those countries or purchasing whatever there is in those countries to send to others. But so far as it may be necessary to buy in Argentina you probably will have to have contributions of dollars or pounds to do that. Argentina can be induced, I think, to make substantial gifts. It has surplus grains which it will, I think, be glad to contribute. It is a question of persuasion, however.

CONGRESSIONAL AUTHORITY REQUIRED FOR U.S. CONTRIBUTIONS

Mrs. ROGERS. Is it the idea to come to Congress for the gifts!

Mr. ACHESON. That must be done, and that is in article V. It says all the contributions are subject to the constitutional limitations of the various countries. Now, there is no other way of getting the contribution out of this Government except through some provision of the Congress of the United States.

Mrs. ROGERS. Are we conveying the property, and so forth? I should think you would have to come to Congress for that.

Mr. ACHESON. You will have to have authority to dispose of any of the property unless Congress has already given it.

Mrs. ROGERS. You mean each parcel, so to speak?

Mr. ACHESON. I suppose there would be some kind of general authority and general appropriation.

Mrs. ROGERS. That might be very far reaching.

Mr. ACHESON. Well, we would make it far reaching. It is entirely within the control of Congress. Congress can do whatever it wishes. It could say it grants authority to the Army to transfer surplus Army stores. It can do that.

Mrs. ROGERS. I should think in order to properly protect this country they would have to come back to Congress every time for a decision. Chairman BLOOM. Mrs. Rogers, are you through?

MULTIPLE-VOTING BY UNITED KINGDOM AND UNITED STATES

Mrs. ROGERS. No. I would like to ask another question. Does the United Kingdom have one vote or more than one vote?

Mr. ACHESON. The Government of the United Kingdom has one vote.

Mrs. ROGERS. One vote? Not like the League of Nations?

Mr. ACHESON. The Government of Canada would also have one vote. Mrs. ROGERS. How about Canada and New Zealand?

Mr. ACHESON. Yes; all of those countries have.

Mrs. ROGERS. In a way they really have many votes?

Mr. ACHESON. Oh, yes.

Chairman BLOOM. That would be from the regional point of view.

Mr. ACHESON. On the council of the organization, where everybody is represented, each government will have one vote, whether it is Costa Rica or Canada.

Mrs. ROGERS. I don't mean that, but it really is England, Great Britain, and so forth, that has so many votes.

Mr. ACHESON. I do not think so. I think they vote pretty much the way they want to vote and I suppose the British would say the same thing about us. We are going to have Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and a good many others.12

Mr. WADSWORTH. As a matter of fact the Central Committee and the Director General are going to run the show in very large measure? Mr. ACHESON. Yes.13

Mr. WADSWORTH. We have one vote on that and Great Britain has one vote and Russia one vote and China one vote.

Mr. ACHESON. The Central Committee will be the steering committee. I do not think it will run the whole show.

Mr. WADSWORTH. That may be exaggerated.

Mr. ACHESON. I think the real center of power and authority in the organization is the Director General. The Director General will have control over the property of the organization.

Mrs. ROGERS. And he is elected?

Mr. ACHESON. He is nominated by the Four Powers and elected by the Council.

Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman.

Chairman BLOOM. Mr. Vorys.

CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATIONS CONTROL

Mr. VORYS. I asked you about the method of contributions. Of course, what you described is what it would be expected will take place, but the agreement itself, the draft agreement, does nothing more than express the broad principle of a general pledge of support subject to constitutional requirements and the way the thing would probably work would be that after your meeting in September or whenever you get going you would then, for instance, come to Congress with suggestions for our legislation, at which time there would be similar suggestions going to all the countries with some sort of a formula as to how the thing would work. Wouldn't that be about the way it would be? Mr. ACHESON. That is exactly the way it will work, Mr. Vorys. I think the two things will have to be put up to the Congress. The first one probably will be a request for funds for the administrative expenses and the staff. Now, this document provides that annually the Director General shall put in an administrative budget. That does not have anything to do with the materials he needs. That is just the staff he has to have, traveling expenses and all that. That is discussed by the Council and they pare it down or do whatever they want with it. Then they get some kind of formula for dividing that among the various countries. Then that has to be presented, the American part

12 The preceding lines, beginning with "and I suppose" are struck through in the committee's file copy of this transcript.

18 Mr. Acheson's name and his response are struck through in the committee's file copy of this transcript.

of that has to be presented to Congress and the Congress does whatever it thinks is right and wise to do.

Now, the other part of it will be authority or funds or both from the Congress so far as materials are concerned. And there again I suppose that what they will have to do is make out a plan of operation and say that for the next fiscal year or for the next 6 months, or whatever it may be, it looks as though this organization will need a list of supplies. Now some of this can be contributed from this country or acquired in this country. Some will have to come from the United States with U.S. resources and that will be presented to Congress and Congress will discuss it and do what it wishes to do.

EXECUTIVE USURPATION THROUGH TREATY FORMAT?

Mr. VORYS. But it is contemplated that that would be a legislative authorization and then an appropriation rather than a treaty and an appropriation?

Mr. ACHESON. Oh, yes. Yes.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. Chairman.

Chairman BLOOM. Mr. Fulbright.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. But it is not contemplated that Congress will have any part in the initial approval of this draft assuming that this conference, the executives of those various countries agree they will sign this draft first without any action at all by the legislature?

Mr. ACHESON. That is correct.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Well, then, we will be committed to participate at least on good faith and we have only discretion as to how much we will appropriate; is that right?

Mr. ACHESON. Put it this way: The Congress is no more committed to relief than it is at the present time. You do not have to do any relief if you do not want to.

Chairman BLOOM. Couldn't it be considered as an authorization? Then you have to come back for an appropriation.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Again: we have nothing to do in this initial stage; we do not have a joint resolution or anything else about the signing of this document. All we have to do is appropriate the funds. Mr. ACHESON. That is correct, Mr. Fulbright.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Wouldn't it very probably help the appropriation a lot if we did have something to do with the authorization and acceptance of the draft, just as a matter of psychology?

Mrs. BOLTON. May I ask, don't the other countries have to go back for authorization to their people?

Mr. ACHESON. I do not believe so. I think Mr. Veatch can help me out on that. We had some study made as to whether they did have to do that.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Then these representatives, the British, for example, are legislative people. That is, their foreign minister, if he is the one who sits in, is a member of the House of Commons. You do not have the division that we have.

Mr. ACHESON. That is correct.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. It is a very important matter, isn't it, because he at all times represents the Parliament or he would not be there. In other words, he is subject to removal by the Legislature. That might cause an embarrassment to us where we are committed without