Principles of Political Economy, المجلد 1

الغلاف الأمامي
 

المحتوى

How Capital originates
45
INTRODUCTION
49
CHAPTER I
51
DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS
53
Economic Goods
54
Three Classes of Goods
56
Economic ValueValue in
59
Value in ExchangeFree Goods 6 Alleged Contradiction between Value in Use and Value in Exchange
63
Resources or Means
65
Valuation of Resources 9 Wealth
66
THEORY OF POPULATION
67
Signs of National Wealth
70
Economy Husbandry
73
Grades of Economy in Common
77
Socialism and Communism
78
Socialism and Communism continued
79
Socialism and Communism continued
80
Community of Goods
81
Organization of Labor
82
Organization of Labor continued
83
Political EconomyIdea of an Organism 14 Origin of a Nations Economy
84
Diseases of the Social Organism
85
Right of Inheritance continued
86
CHAPTER II
87
Sciences relating to National LifeThe Science of Public EconomyThe Science of Finance
91
Statistics
93
Private Economy Cameralistic Science
95
Private Economy continued
97
What Political Economy treats
99
CHAPTER III
102
Demand Indispensable Goods
103
Influence of Purchasers Solvability on Prices
104
Supply
105
The Idealistic Method
106
The Idealistic Method continued 25 The Idealistic Method continued
107
Effect of a Rise in Price much above Cost
108
Effect of a Decline in Price below Cost
109
The Historical MethodThe Anatomy and Physiology of National Economy
111
Advantages of the Historical or Physiological Method
112
Advantages of the Historical Method
113
Prices Fixed by Government
114
Practical Character of the Historical Method
115
CHAPTER III
116
BOOK I
117
Different Kinds of Money
118
30 Meaning of Production CHAPTER I
119
31 Factors of Production External Nature
120
The Sea Climate
121
Value in Exchange of Money
122
Quantity of Money a Nation Needs
123
Same Subject continued
124
Uniformity of the Value in Exchange of the Precious Metals
125
Gifts of Nature with Value in Excnange
126
127 Measure of Prices
127
External Nature continued
128
The Precious Metals the Best Measure of Prices
129
History of the Prices of the Chief Wants of Life
130
The Same Subject continued
131
The Same Subject continued
132
Elements of Agricultural Productiveness 36 Further Divisions of Natures Gifts
133
The Same Subject continued
134
Geographical Character of a Country
135
Labor Classes of Labor
138
Taste for Labor PieceWages
139
144 Receipts Income Product
144
Labor Power of Individuals 41 Esteem in which Labor is held
145
Influence of Advancing Civilization on Rent
156
Influence of Improvements in the Art of Agriculture on Rent
157
History of Rent in Periods of Decline
158
Rent and the General Good
159
CHAPTER III
160
Minimum of Wages
161
Cost of Production of Labor
162
46 Productive Coöperation of the Three Factors
163
Cost of Production of Labor
164
The Three Great Periods of a Nations Economy
165
Price of Common Labor
166
Critical History of the Idea of Productiveness
167
The Same Subject continued
168
Effect of the Disagreeableness of certain Classes of Labor on Wages
169
The Doctrine of the Physiocrates
170
History of the Wages of Common Labor in the Lower Stages of Civilization
171
History of the Wages of Common Labor in Flourishing Times
172
The Same Subject continued 51 The Same Subject continued
173
History of the Wages of Common Labcr in Declining Coun tries and Times
174
WagesPolicy Set Price of Labor
175
WagesPolicy Strikes
176
Strikes and The State
177
Idea of Productiveness
178
The Same Subject continued
179
Advantages of the Division of Labor
189
Aversion to Interest
190
InterestPolicy The Canon Law
191
Conditions of the Division of Labor 60 Influence of the Extent of the Market on the Division of Labor
192
Efforts to avoid the Evil Effects of a Fixed Rate of Interest
193
Repeal of the Usury Laws
194
195 The Reward of Enterprise
195
Circumstances on which the Undertakers Profit Depends 196 a Having the Lead
196
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE THREE BRANCHES OF INCOME 197 Influence of the Branches of Income on the Price of Com modities
197
Means of Increasing the Division of Labor 62 Dark Side of the Division of Labor
198
Influence of Foreign Trade
199
Emigration of Capital VOL I
200
Harmony of the Three Branches of Income Individual Differences in them
201
Necessity of the Feeling of a Common Interest
202
Effect of an Equal Division of the National Income
203
Gain and Loss of the Division of Labor 64 The Coöperation of Labor 65 Principle of Stability or of the Continuity of Work
204
Healthy Distribution of the National Income
205
Advantages of Large Enterprises
206
CHAPTER IV
207
Notional Consumption
208
Consumption the Work of Nature
209
210 Necessity of Considering what is really Consumed
210
Production Impossible without Consumption
211
The Want of Freedom 70 Emancipation
212
Equilibrium between Production and Consumption
213
Causes of an Increase of Production
214
Necessity of the Proper Simultaneous Development of Pro duction and Consumption
215
Disadvantages of Slavery
216
The Same Subject continued
217
Prodigality and Frugality
218
Effect of an Advance in Civilization on Slavery
219
The Same Subject continued 74 The Same Subject continued 75 The Same Subject continued
220
When Saving is Injurious Limits to the Saving of Capital Spendthrift Nations
222
The Most Detrimental Kind of Extravagance
223
224 Luxury in General
224
History of LuxuryIn the Middle Ages
225
Luxury of Barbarous Times
226
Influence of the Church and the City
227
Luxury in Flourishing Times
228
The Domestic Servant System
229
Condition Precedent of this Luxury
230
When the Effects of Luxury are Favorable
231
Character of Luxury in Declining Nations
232
LuxuryPolicy
233
History of Sumptuary Laws
234
Difficulty of Enforcing Sumptuary Laws
235
Expediency of Sumptuary Laws
236
237 Insurance in General 237 a Mutual and Speculative Institutions 237 b Economic Advantages of Insurance Fire Insurance
237
238 Increase of Population in General
238
Limits to the Increase of Population
239
Influence of an Increase of the Means of Subsistence
240
Effect of Wars on Population
241
Tendencies counter to the Increase of Population
242
Opponents of Malthus
243
244 History of Population in Barbarous Times
244
Community of Wives Polygamy
245
History of Population in highly Civilized Times
246
The Same Subject continued
247
The Same Subject continued
248
History of Population in Periods of Decline
249
Influence of the Sacredness of Marriage on Population
250
Polygamy Exposure of Children
251
Positive Decrease of Population
252
PopulationPolicyOverpopulation
253
The Ideal of Population
254
Means of Promoting Fopulation
255
Immigration
256
Influence of Hygienic Police
257
Means of Checking Population Placing Impediments in the way of Marriage
258
Emigration
259
Colonizing Emigration
260
State aid to Emigration
261
Emigration and Pauperism 262 a Temporary Emigration
262
Landed Property continued
264
CHAPTER VI
268
Effects of Credit
270
DebtorLaws
274
History of Credit Laws
276
Means of Promoting Credit
279
Letters of Respite
283
BOOK II
287
CHAPTER I
289
Rapidity of Circulation
290
Freedom of Competition
293
How Goods are Paid
297
Freedom of Competition and International Trade
299
CHAPTER II
303
Effects of the Struggle of Opposing Interests on Price
304
Theory of Rent
320

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الصفحة 367 - Gold and silver having been chosen for the general medium of circulation, they are, by the competition of commerce, distributed in such proportions amongst the different countries of the world, as to accommodate themselves to the natural traffic which would take place if no such metals existed, and the trade between countries were purely a trade of barter.
الصفحة 156 - The greater part, in value, of the wealth now existing in England has been produced by human hands within the last twelve months. A very small proportion indeed of that large aggregate was in existence ten years ago; — of the present productive capital of the country scarcely any part, except farm-houses and...
الصفحة 214 - I have had some opportunities of making comparison between the condition of the free negroes of the north and the slaves of the south, and the comparison has left not only an indelible impression of the superior advantages of the latter, but has gone far to reconcile me to slavery itself.
الصفحة 147 - Supposing you had had eight English carders under you, how much more work could you have done ? " — " With one Englishman I could have done more than I did with those eight Frenchmen. It cannot be called work they do : it is only looking at it, and wishing it done.
الصفحة 166 - Nor is there much satisfaction in contemplating the world with nothing left to the spontaneous activity of nature ; with every rood of land brought into cultivation which is capable of growing food for human beings ; every flowery waste or natural pasture ploughed up ; all quadrupeds or birds which are not domesticated for man's use exterminated as his rivals for food ; every hedgerow or superfluous tree rooted out, and scarcely a place left where a wild shrub or flower could grow without being eradicated...
الصفحة 233 - A radical reconstruction, they say, is needed to remove forever the chief evil of this system, viz. : the glaring difference between the rich and the poor, the educated and the uneducated. The difference between the doctrines of the socialists and of- Political Economy does not, by any means, consist in this, that the former concerns itself more with the welfare of the lower Classes, or even that it gives wider scope to economy in common. But socialism is, indeed, a living or housekeeping in common...
الصفحة 233 - Men who hear themselves designated as 'the sovereign people,' and their welfare as the supreme law of the state, are more apt than others to feel more keenly the distance which separates their own misery from the superabundance of others. And, indeed, to what an extent our physical wants are determined by our intellectual...
الصفحة 111 - We refuse entirely to lend ourselves in theory to the construction of such ideal systems. Our aim is simply to describe man's economic nature and economic wants, to investigate the laws and the character of the institutions which are adapted to the satisfaction of these wants, and the greater or less amount of success by which they have been attended.1 Our task is, therefore, so to speak, the anatomy and physiology of social or national economy!
الصفحة 204 - But to separate the arts which form the citizen and the statesman, the arts of policy and war, is an attempt to dismember the human character, and to destroy those very arts we mean to improve.
الصفحة 28 - We need not recall Turgot's historical researches. Malthus' chief title to distinction, his work on Population, is as much a historical work as a politico-economical one ; and it is not sufficiently known that he was professor of history and Political Economy in the college of the East India Company at Aylesbury. We need say no more on this subject. The works of the other writers whom we have mentioned are too well known to permit any one to think that they excluded history and moral science from...

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