There are several kinds of corns, namely, the new, the old, the sappy and the suppurating. They are all caused by bruising the sensitive sole, which is in a great many cases caused by feet not being properly pared or shoes improperly fitted. I don't think it necessary for me to explain what a corn is, as every horseshoer has them to contend with very frequently and certainly knows one when he sees it.

The causes of them are in large feet, generally flat, and in flat feet the sole between the wall and bars is thin and the shoe resting on same, and every time the horse raises his foot the wings of the coffin bone are raised also, and when the foot again

O

Fig. 16.

comes down the wings of the coffin bone press on the sensitive sole, which lies between bone and horny sole, which is thin and pressed down on the shoe, which results in the sensitive sole being bruised and the blood being forced through the pores of the sole and then we have something that we find very regularly-the new corn.

In hard or contracted feet the sole is generally very thick at the heels and the cof

fin bone rises and drops with every footfall, as previously mentioned. It is constantly brought down on the thick sole, which remains firm, although does not touch the. shoe, but will naturally cause the same result. Sometimes it is the horseowner's fault, who through carelessness or wanting to save a few dollars allows his horses to go longer without shoeing than he really should do. In large feet the feet grow over the shoe and it becomes imbedded in the foot, placing all the weight on the sole at the heels, and in narrow and contracted the heels grow up high and sole gets too thick and then the same results can be expected.

Now the question is, How can we aistinguish one corn from the other? When paring the heels for corn, if you find that the deeper you cut the brighter the color, until it assumes the scarlet color, it is a new corn. If you find the corn appears black and is easily cut away it is the old and least serious.

If you notice the heel is soft and moist and slightly discolored, and sometimes not discolored at all, it is the sappy corn, which of course is also very sensitive, and have noticed shoers cut into them until blood appears, which only makes matters worse.

The worst and most serious of all corns is the suppurating corn, which generally causes the horse to go very lame and can be distinguished from the others in the following manner: Raising the heels off the ground and resting on the toe and placing your hand on the affected heel find it warm or feverish, which is caused by pus being secreted under the sole. If you find such is the case take a small knife, called a searcher, and cut away as much of the sole as you can so that all of the pus is removed. You will also notice that the insensitive sole is separated from the sensitive, which should be carefully removed, if not it will become hard and press on the affected part, which oftentimes causes quittor.

In shoeing for corns first get toe of foot

doesn't

In

flat feet put on a stiff shoe, well concaved back to heels so that the shoe bear on the sole and place all the weight on the wall at the posterior part. aggravated cases it may become necessary to put on a bar shoe, oftentimes placing the heel forward of the corn. I wouldn't encour age this only in cases of necessity, as placing heels that way is oftentimes the cause of strained tendons and ligaments and in all cases shoe a little bit long at the heel and place toe well back on the shoe, keeping it lower than the heels.

As to shoeing for the suppurating corn we I will have to be more careful. After the foot is properly pared it would be advisable to soak the foot in warm water, containing one tablespoonful of carbolic acid to every gallon of water used about one-half hour. When this is done pour in the heel a little peroxide of hydrogen, which I find to be one of the best things that can be used to cleanse the wound. Then make a shoe similar to Fig. 16. You'll notice one end turned as a bar shoe, which is placed on the frog to reliev the affected heel, or use a bar shoe if necessary. As to heels and toes on cut you You must use your own good judgment. Before putcan place them as you see fit. ting on the shoe use some of the following salve, composed of 4 oz. rosin, 1⁄2 lb. of lard, 3 oz. beeswax, 6 oz. turpentine. Place in iron pot and dissolve over a slow fire and add two ounces of pulverized verdigris, and then mix thoroughly and leave it cool. When it is ready for use this salve is good for almost anything. Or if you don't want to make the salve you can put in a little pine tar, which sometimes gives good results. In closing this article I want to say that I have made it as plain as I possibly could and hope it will be of benefit to the readers in general. My next article will be "Cross Firing or Grabbing the Quarters."

Before the adoption of standard time there were sometimes as many as five different kinds of time in use in a single town. The railroads of the United States followed 53 different standards, whereas now they use five. The times were very much out of joint.

The need of an international standard of time led to the so-called Prime Meridian Conference, which was held at Washington in 1882. This conference recommended that the Greenwich civil time be used, and accordingly the United States and Canada selected a number of standard meridians, differing in longitude from the longitude of Greenwich by exact multiples of 15 degrees. The "new standard time" was adopted by agreement of all the principal railroads of the United States, and went into effect on October 18, 1883.

The system divides the continent into five longitudinal belts, and fixes a meridian of time for each belt. These meridians are 15 degrees of longitude, corresponding to one hour of time apart.

Eastern Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia use the sixtieth meridian; the Canadas, New England, the Middle States, Virginia, and the Carolinas use the 75 meridian, which is that of Philadelphia; the states of the Mississippi Valley, Alabama, Georgia and Florida, and westward, including parts of Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota, use the 90th meridian time, which is that of New Orleans.

The territories to the western border of Arizona and Montana go by the time of the 105th meridian, which is that of Denver, and the Pacific states employ the 120th meridian.

The time divisions are known as intercolonial time, eastern time, central time, mountain time and Pacific time. A traveler passing from one time belt to another win find his watch an hour too fast or too slow, according to the direction in which he is going.

All points in any time division using the time of the meridian must set their timepieces faster or slower than the time indicated by the sun, according as their position is east or west of the line.

The suggestion leading to the adoption of this new system originated with Professor Abbe, of the Signal Bureau at Washington, and was elaborated by Dr. F. A. P. Barnard, of Columbia college. New York. The scheme was proposed in 1878.

On the continent of Europe standard time was not so quickly adopted. Belgium and Holland led, adopting the system in 1892. In Spain the system was not adopted till 1901.

Cincinnati, May, 1906.

Dear Sir and Brother:

Under another cover I have mailed to your address the concurring opinions of the full bench of the Superior Court, Cincinnati, Ohio, reversing the opinion of Judge Hosea of the Superior Court, who found two of our officers guilty of contempt of court and in violation of his restraining order.

We call your attention to this case because in some of its aspects it is the most important and far-reaching of any court decision relative to injunctions in labor cases as yet handed down by any of our courts. As there had been no intimidation, coercion or violence, the case rested entirely upon the right of a trade-union to take into its membership men who were employed as strike breakers, and give them transportation to some other locality. In finding our officers guilty the court based its opinion almost entirely upon the presumption that capital has a property right in labor. concurring opinions handed down by the General Term of Superior Court not alone reverse Judge Hosea's decision but give in greater abundance than any other case on record, the citations from the law books and the interpretations of the many courts relative to the rights and privileges of labor unions and other members.

The

You will be interested to learn that in the opinions referred to, it is held that the principles contained in the Taff-Vale decision, now so famous, will not and do not hold good in American jurisprudence.

Believing that these opinions should prove of immeasurable value to the American labor movement, we trust that you will freely use any or all portions of them in your valuable publication, and as Judge Hosea's opinion finding our members guilty was published in pamphlet form and sent broadcast throughout the United States and Canada, we trust that the decision of the court re

horseshoers employed in blacksmith shops in the city of McKeesport.

2. In carrying on its business of supplying ice to the public, it is necessary for plaintff to keep, maintain and use a large number of horses and wagons for the purpose of delivering its product to its customers, and for the purpose of keeping such horses properly shod and its wagons in good and safe condition, a large amount of horseshoeing and blacksmith work is necessary. For the purpose of having that work done as expeditiously and conveniently as possible, plaintiff has established a shop upon its premises, and has employed William Hughey, who is also a member of Journeymen Horseshoers' Local Union No. 212 of McKeesport, as its blacksmith and horseshoer.

3. William Hughey, the horseshoer and blacksmith named in the preceding paragraph, on the 11th day of August, 1904, entered into an agreement in writing with Harry Burkholder, the superintendent of plaintiff company, wherein Hughey agreed to work for plaintiff for the period of five years from that date, as a horseshoer and blacksmith, and in consideration of the services so rendered by him, plaintiff covenanted and agreed to pay him regular union wages, that is, such wages as paid to other union horseshoers in accordance with the rules of that union, a copy of the agreement herein referred to being attached to plaintiff's bill and marked exhibit "A."

was

4. In accordance with his contract, Hughey continued in the employ of plain. tiff until the first day of July, 1905, when he was waited upon by a committee of Journeymen Horseshoers' Local Union No. 212, consisting of John K. Russell and Eugene Irr, who informed him of an agreement entered into the previous night between the members of the Horseshoers' Union and the Employers' Association, wherein it was agreed that from and after July 1st, 1905, the members of that union should not work in any but regular shops

in which union labor is employed, and as a consideration for such agreement upon the part of the horseshoers, the employers agreed to grant their employees a half-holiday on each and every Saturday afternoon during the months of July, August and September, without any deduction or abatement on account of their weekly wages. This committee notified Hughey that under the agreement with the Employers' Association, he should cease working for plaintiff, their reason being that plaintiff's shop was not a shop within the meaning of the agreement with the employers.

5. Upon protesting against the action of the union and declining to quit his employment at once, Hughey was permitted by the committee to continue at work during the remainder of the day. In the early part of the following week, defendants named in these proceedings induced Hughey to cease working for plaintiff. After an absence of a few days from plaintiff's shop and upon a temporary restraining order being issued by this court, restraining defendants from interfering with him, Hughey resumed work and has since that time continued in plaintiff's employment, without interference upon the part of defendants.

6. Previous to the employment of Hughey by plaintiff, it had employed in its shop as a horseshoer and blacksmith, a person not a member of the Journeymen Horseshoers' Union, and at the request of that union, plaintiff discharged its non-union employee and engaged Hughey, who was recommended to it by the members of the Horseshoers Local Union No. 212. Since the employment of Hughey under the agreement of August 11th, 1904, each party to that contract has complied with its terms, Hughey by rendering satisfactory service to plaintiff, and plaintiff by paying to him even more than regular union wages.

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW.

The bill in this case asks us to enjoin the defendants from endeavoring to induce William Hughey, a blacksmith, to leave the