ent in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power, in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. In the war between those new Governments and Spain we declared our neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur which, in the judgment of the competent authorities of this Government, shall make a corresponding change on the part of the United States indispensable to their security.

The late events in Spain and Portugal show that Europe

growing democratic forces in all countries of Europe, and later, when President Monroe's message was issued, to assist the monarchies of Spain and Portugal to retain control over their American colonies then struggling for their independence.

is still unsettled. Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced than that the allied powers should have thought it proper, on any principle satisfactory to themselves, to have interposed by force in the internal concerns of Spain. To what extent such interposition may be carried, on the same principle, is a question in which all independent powers whose governments differ from theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none more so than the United States. Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none. But in regard to those continents circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness; nor can any one believe that our southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. If we look to the comparative strength and resources of Spain and those new Governments, and their distance from each other, it must be obvious that she can never subdue them. It is still the true policy of the United States to leave the parties to themselves, in the hope that other powers will pursue the same

course.

LIBERTY FOR ALL1

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON (1805-1879)

They tell me, Liberty! that in thy name,
I may not plead for all the human race;
That some are born to bondage and disgrace,
Some to a heritage of woe and shame,
And some to power supreme, and glorious fame.
With my whole soul, I spurn the doctrine base,
And, as an equal brotherhood, embrace

All people, and for all fair freedom claim!
Know this, O man! whate'er thy earthly fate-
God never made a tyrant nor a slave:
Woe, then, to those who dare to desecrate
His glorious image! — for to all He gave
Eternal rights, which none may violate;

And by a mighty hand, th' oppressed He yet shall save.

1 "Sonnet to Liberty," in "Selections from the Writings and Speeches of William Lloyd Garrison.' Published by R. F. Wallcut, Boston, 1852.

(2) MORAL HEROISM

GENERAL GRANT'S GREATEST VICTORY 1

ELBRIDGE S. BROOKS (1846-1902)

General Grant . . . deplored and detested war; but once engaged in it, he fought to win.

"Give the enemy no rest; strike him, and keep striking him. The war must be ended, and we must end it now.' That was his theory of war, and he fought straight on, never halting in his opinion, never wavering in his actions, saying to those who questioned him, "I shall fight it out on this line if it takes all summer."

Thereupon the people and the President knew that they had a soldier to rely on, a man with a genius for successful war, a general who never took one backward step. In just thirteen months after Grant assumed his command as head of the American army the end came, and in the apple orchard at Appomattox the last stand was made, the last gun was fired, the white flag fluttered for a truce, and in the little McLean farmhouse the two great opposing generals met in conference, and the Southern army laid down its arms in surrender. \

Then General Grant won a greater victory through kindness. For where he might have been harsh, he was magnanimous. He was not one to exult over a valiant but fallen foeman.

"They are Americans, and our brothers," he said. He gave them back their horses, so that they could plow their

1 From "Historic Americans." Copyright, 1899, by Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York. Used by permission of the publishers.

farms for planting; he gave them food and clothes, and sent them all home to their families."The war is over, he said to North and South alike. "Let us have peace.'

CUB SAWBONES 1

SYDNEY REID (ROBERT CHARLES FORNERI) (1857

When we marched away with the starry flag,
Cub Sawbones carried his surgeon's bag;
But for me I wanted no “rear” in mine
I shouldered a gun in the fighting line.

So when we had charged up the deadly glade
Where the dons were lying in ambuscade,
I was there to take what the others got
And the Spaniards gave it, plenty and hot.

There fell of our crowd in the Mauser hail
A third yet never a man did quail,
But well, we went back then came again
And settled right down to our work like men.

In open order and firing at will,

We crawled through a very rough skirmish drill —

From the trees to the rocks, from the rocks to the trees,

Just as close to the ground as we could freeze.

When I noted a tangled thicket sway
In front about twenty-five yards away,
I halted, made ready to loosen a storm-
Till I caught a whiff of iodoform.

1 From the New York Sun, July 9, 1898. Used by permission of the publishers.