multilateral assistance. While it believed that the United Nations had a role to play in natural resources development, his delegation regretted that consensus had not been reached as to the nature of that role.

On December 21, the draft resolution was adopted in the General Assembly by a vote of 136 to 10 (U.S. and 9 Eastern European countries). (Resolution 37/250.)

Science and Technology for Development

By resolution 34/128 of December 19, 1979, the General Assembly created three bodies: the Intergovernmental Committee for Science and Technology for Development (IGCSTD), open for participation by all UN members, to formulate policy guidelines and identify priorities and activities in this area; the Center for Science and Technology for Development to coordinate science and technology activities within the UN system at the Secretariat level; and the Interim Fund for Science and Technology for Development to be sustained by voluntary contributions and administered by UNDP until the end of 1981. The mechanism of the Interim Fund is being continued provisionally until a permanent financing system can be negotiated.

The United States actively participated in both the regular and resumed 4th session of the IGCSTD in 1982. Prior to the IGCSTD there were meetings of an Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Group of the Whole on Science and Technology for Development; but no progress was made in resolving the major financial and institutional issues related to the establishment of a long term Financing System for Science and Technology for Development.

The regular 4th session of the IGCSTD, May 24-June 4, and the resumed session, September 8-19, were also unproductive. While the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom repeated their unwillingness to contribute to a financing system, the European Community countries sought to establish a fund of $100 million, which would be funded by the European Communities, Japan, and OPEC countries. This scheme was further undermined, however, in the resumed session, when West Germany indicated it would not be able to contribute to the fund. Earlier, at a spring pledging session, the lack of interest in providing funds for the Financing System was manifested by pledges totaling only $5 million.

On December 21, 1982, by a vote of 137 to 0, with 9 (U.S.) abstentions, the 37th General Assembly adopted a resolution which had been recommended by the Second Committee that was a procedural move designed to keep the debate on science and technology for development going. (Resolution 37/244.) Although the resolution established long-term financial and institutional arrangements, it left open to negotiation the difficult questions of establishment of

the provisions of the proposed financing plan and the voting rules for its Executive Board. These were to be further negotiated at a special session of the IGCSTD in February or March 1983.

The U.S. Representative, Dennis Goodman, summed up the U.S. position on science and technology for development when he spoke in explanation of his abstention vote in the Second Committee. He said that the U.S. Government very strongly supported the notion of increasing the ability of developing countries to use science and technology to further their development programs. His Government unfortunately found itself unable to support yet another UN fund and would not be able to contribute to such a fund for the foreseeable future. However, he stressed that his Government did not wish to dissuade those who might contribute to the fund or to hinder its operation in any way.

UN Institute for Training and Research

Established in New York in 1965 as the result of U.S. initiatives embodied in resolutions passed by the General Assembly in 1962 and 1963, the UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), an autonomous UN Institution, has as its purpose to enhance the effectiveness of the structure and functioning of the UN system through interrelated training and research. UNITAR, by direction of the General Assembly, is supposed to be entirely dependent upon voluntary contributions. On two occasions in the past the General Assembly had to make up UNITAR's deficits with grants-in-aid.

UNITAR has three main programs: training courses and seminars developed for diplomats accredited to the United Nations and for Secretariat personnel, a research department attuned to the current needs and interests of the international community, and the project on the future which conducts studies of long-term global problems and policy choices for the United Nations.

The Secretary General appoints 24 of the 28 members of the Board of Trustees of UNITAR in consultation with the Presidents of the Assembly and ECOSOC; each serves in an uninstructed personal capacity for not more than two 3-year terms. There are four ex-officio board members: the UN Secretary General; the President of the General Assembly; the President of ECOSOC; and the Executive Director of UNITAR who is Dr. Davidson Nicol of Sierra Leone. Since September 1982, the American on the Board of Trustees has been Dr. Joel Segall, President of Bernard M. Baruch College of New York.

In spite of the financial limitations under which it has worked, UNITAR's Training Department has continued its usual level of training courses and also its discussion and orientation seminars on major issues facing the United Nations. Of note among the training

courses, which have become annual fixtures, are the seminar for new delegates to the General Assembly; the seminar on economic development and its international setting, cosponsored by UNITAR and the Economic Development Institute (EDI) of the World Bank; and the joint United Nations-UNITAR Fellowship Program in International Law. The Training Department also has continued to respond to requests for reimbursable assistance from various member states. Since 1980, UNITAR's Department of Research has focused on two topic clusters: (1) studies in UN policy and efficacy, and (2) studies in regional cooperation for development. UNITAR expects that the policy and efficacy studies will enable it to make independent assessments of policies and institutions important to the UN system by presenting issues, illustrating options, and assessing the costs and benefits of various alternatives in a concise fashion for diplomats, administrators and scholars. Within this context, UNITAR's publications have begun to identify new challenges likely to confront the United Nations; to examine its capacity for renewal and innovation; and to study the interrelation between the component parts of the system.

The Department of Research is currently staffed by 12 professionals, with the position of Director of Research remaining vacant. Of these positions, only four are supported by the UNITAR General Fund while the remainder are funded by special purpose grants or are filled by volunteers. In addition to this basic staff, the Department of Research has a "clinical program" which has 26 graduate students from various countries and universities (but largely from New York University) to work for 1 year at UNITAR, without compensation but for academic credit. In return for the training of clinicians by UNITAR, some funding is provided to ensure the participation of students from different countries.

Article II(3) of the UNITAR Statute stipulates that the "Institute shall conduct research and studies related to the functions and objectives of the United Nations. Such research and study shall give appropriate priority to the requirements of the Secretary General, other UN organs, and the specialized agencies." In response to this mandate UNITAR published a number of studies during 1982 dealing with (1) critical assessment of the role and prospects of the International Law Commission, (2) quantitative analysis of voting behavior in the General Assembly, (3) lessons of the LOS negotiations, (4) implementing restructuring, (5) lessons of the 11th special session of the General Assembly, (6) the new international economic order, international law in the making, (7) diplomats' views of the UN system, and (8) model rules for disaster relief operations.

Some of the projects being undertaken under the topic cluster studies in regional cooperation for development include (1) regional and interregional cooperations in the 1980's, an attempt to devise an

integrated set of policy recommendations to enhance Third World self reliance and intra and interregional economic cooperation; (2) population movements within the Caribbean and implications for development planning, this will contain cost-benefits analyses of regional migration for migrant workers and their families and for labor-donor and labor-recipient societies, as well as recommendations for regional migration programs, policies, and future research; and (3) Asian regionalism and the United Nations. This study is one of the first to examine the relationship between the Asian Regional intergovernmental organizations and the United Nations and to examine the implementation of the restructuring of the economic development subsystem of the United Nations on regional organizations.

UNITAR's Project on the Future continues to focus on two broad themes: (a) policy choices related to the implementation of a new international economic order, and (b) the meaning of physical limits and supply restraints on energy and natural resources. A number of projects fall within the scope of policy choices: (a) technology, domestic distribution and North/South relations, and (b) regional approaches to the problems of the future including strategies for the future of Africa, and Asia, and strategies of cooperation in the Mediterranean area.

Under the rubric of "energy and natural resources," UNITAR focused on the following sub-themes: (a) the February 1982 Second International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands in Caracas, Venezuela, and (b) the UNITAR/UNDP Information Center on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands. The Third International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands will be held at the Information Center in 1985. Through the use of computers, a link has been established to the Alberta (Canada) Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority at Edmonton and negotiations are now underway to create a similar link to the relevant computerized information collections of the U.S. Department of Energy as well as with other organizations in the United States and Western Europe. Agreement has also been reached to permit storage of information in the UN computer.

At its request, the financial administration of the Center was transferred, in January 1982, to the UN Development Program. While this will lessen the burden on the small administrative staff of UNITAR, all managerial decisions still will be vested jointly with UNITAR and UNDP. The United States contributed $422,000 to UNITAR's General Fund in fiscal year 1982, or 23.9% of total government pledges of almost $1.8 million.

On December 8 Pakistan introduced a draft resolution in the Second Committee. The draft, subsequently sponsored by 25 other member states, inter alia, welcomed the continuing emphasis that UNITAR was placing on economic and social training and research

and the inclusion of specific projects existing in areas identified by the 6th and 7th special sessions of the General Assembly, the decisions of the 29th and subsequent sessions, and in the International Development Strategy; welcomed further the efforts to strengthen the coordination of UNITAR activities and cooperation with relevant organs and organizations within the UN system; and requested the Secretary General to examine all possibilities for funding UNITAR in order to place its financing on a more predictable, assured, and continuous basis, and to submit a report thereon to the 38th General Assembly. Speaking in Committee after the vote the U.S. Representative, Dennis Goodman, said the United States considered the proposed report unacceptable. It called for an examination of all possibilities for funding UNITAR and the effect of that approach would be to delay until the next session of the General Assembly, or even longer, the adoption of measures necessary for the solution of the Institute's financial problems. The United States had been among the countries which had helped to draft the statute of UNITAR. The decision that the Institute's budget should be financed from voluntary contributions had been taken with a view to guaranteeing objectivity in UNITAR research activities. The United States believed that it was pointless to adopt a solution which was contrary to one of the basic principles laid down when UNITAR had been established and which sought to make further inroads into the regular budget of the United Nations. The draft was approved in the Committee on the same day by a recorded vote of 121 to 8 (U.S.), with 1 abstention. The plenary Assembly adopted the resolution on December 17 by a rollcall vote of 133 to 8 (U.S.), with 1 abstention. (Resolution 37/141.)

United Nations University

The General Assembly adopted by consensus on December 17 its annual resolution on the United Nations University. The resolution noted, among other things, that the recent report of the Joint Inspection Unit supported the new direction and expanded scope of the UN University, commended the renewed emphasis the University's program places on the multi-disciplinary and integrative approach to global problem solving and appealed for contributions to the University's Endowment and Operating Funds. The United States, which fully supports the UN University concept, joined the consensus despite its inability to make any financial contribution. (Resolution 37/143.)

The University's budget for 1982 was $17.5 million. Pledges to the Endowment and Operating Funds stood at $145.1 million. The UN University Council met twice in 1982 to review the University's progress. The Council's 19th session was held June 21-25, and the