Are We Free? Psychology and Free WillJohn Baer, James C. Kaufman, Roy F. Baumeister Oxford University Press, 25/02/2008 - 368 من الصفحات Do people have free will, or this universal belief an illusion? If free will is more than an illusion, what kind of free will do people have? How can free will influence behavior? Can free will be studied, verified, and understood scientifically? How and why might a sense of free will have evolved? These are a few of the questions this book attempts to answer. People generally act as though they believe in their own free will: they don't feel like automatons, and they don't treat one another as they might treat robots. While acknowledging many constraints and influences on behavior, people nonetheless act as if they (and their neighbors) are largely in control of many if not most of the decisions they make. Belief in free will also underpins the sense that people are responsible for their actions. Psychological explanations of behavior rarely mention free will as a factor, however. Can psychological science find room for free will? How do leading psychologists conceptualize free will, and what role do they believe free will plays in shaping behavior? In recent years a number of psychologists have tried to solve one or more of the puzzles surrounding free will. This book looks both at recent experimental and theoretical work directly related to free will and at ways leading psychologists from all branches of psychology deal with the philosophical problems long associated with the question of free will, such as the relationship between determinism and free will and the importance of consciousness in free will. It also includes commentaries by leading philosophers on what psychologists can contribute to long-running philosophical struggles with this most distinctly human belief. These essays should be of interest not only to social scientists, but to intelligent and thoughtful readers everywhere. |
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الصفحة 4
... causes of behavior or the possibility of prediction is no psychology at all. For those who accept free will as something real—whether that belief is based on determinism or not—how does free will work? What cognitive processes or mental ...
... causes of behavior or the possibility of prediction is no psychology at all. For those who accept free will as something real—whether that belief is based on determinism or not—how does free will work? What cognitive processes or mental ...
الصفحة 5
... and altering response tendencies that guide the automatic responses that are the immediate, proximal causes of behavior.” Albert Bandura argues that “metaphysical analytic preoccupation with the incompatibility introduction 5.
... and altering response tendencies that guide the automatic responses that are the immediate, proximal causes of behavior.” Albert Bandura argues that “metaphysical analytic preoccupation with the incompatibility introduction 5.
الصفحة 9
... causes of behavior, to explain behavior is not to exonerate the behaver.” Pinker explains why this is so, concluding that “I do not claim to have solved the problem of free will, only to have shown that we don't need to solve it to ...
... causes of behavior, to explain behavior is not to exonerate the behaver.” Pinker explains why this is so, concluding that “I do not claim to have solved the problem of free will, only to have shown that we don't need to solve it to ...
الصفحة 14
... causes of our choices is almost certainly part of the story, it can hardly be a complete explanation of how we acquire the belief in indeterminist choice. The fact that we don't perceive deterministic decision-making processes doesn't ...
... causes of our choices is almost certainly part of the story, it can hardly be a complete explanation of how we acquire the belief in indeterminist choice. The fact that we don't perceive deterministic decision-making processes doesn't ...
الصفحة 15
... cause and in pursuit of goals” (p. 35). On their view, ordinary objects like rocks seem to obey ordinary physical laws—”these things don't get up and move around on their own.” There are other things however that “seem to operate by ...
... cause and in pursuit of goals” (p. 35). On their view, ordinary objects like rocks seem to obey ordinary physical laws—”these things don't get up and move around on their own.” There are other things however that “seem to operate by ...
المحتوى
3 | |
10 | |
3 Determined and Free | 32 |
The Construction of Free Will | 44 |
5 Free Will Consciousness and Cultural Animals | 65 |
6 Reconstrual of Free Will From the Agentic Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory | 86 |
7 Free Will Is Unnatural | 128 |
8 The Automaticity Juggernautor Are We Automatons After All? | 155 |
11 Self Is Magic | 226 |
12 Some Observations on the Psychology of Thinking About Free Will | 248 |
13 Whose Will? How Free? | 260 |
14 Free Will as a Proportion of Variance | 275 |
The Yin and Yang of the Creative Life | 296 |
16 Free Will Requires Determinism | 304 |
17 The Fear of Determinism | 311 |
A Commentary | 325 |
9 The Hazards of Claiming to Have Solved the Hard Problem of Free Will | 181 |
10 Free Will and the Control of Action | 205 |
Index | 347 |
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عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
action activity agency agentic Albert Bandura argued automatic processes B. F. Skinner Bandura Bargh Baumeister biological brain Cambridge causal causes choice cognitive psychology compatibilism compatibilists concept of free creativity culture decisions Dennett determinism deterministic Dweck effect Ego depletion entity theorists environment environmental epiphenomenal evidence evolutionary example experience experimental explain feel flex freedom Freedom Evolves function genetic goals hard problem human behavior illusion of conscious incremental theorists individual influence intention John Bargh Journal of Personality Koriat libertarian free Libet magic memory mental mind moral responsibility motivation nature neural neuronal nonconscious one’s outcomes Oxford University Press participants people’s Personality and Social perspective philosophical predict problem of free punishment question readiness potential role Roy Baumeister Schooler scientists self-determination self-efficacy self-regulation self-theories sense situation social cognition Social Psychology stop-signal studies subjects task theory things thought tion unconscious volition volitional control Wegner York