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ARTICLE X.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

ARTICLE XI.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

ARTICLE XII.

The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president: and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate; the president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted: the persons having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president.

The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed: and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the senate

536 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

shall shoose the vice-president: a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.

But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States.

[NOTE....The eleventh article of the amendments to the constitution was proposed at the second session of the third congress; the twelfth article, at the first session of the eighth congress.]

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The effects of internal war in producing standing armies, and other
institutions unfriendly to liberty,

NO. IX.

The utility of the union as a safeguard against domestic faction and
insurrection,

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25

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35

40

NO. X.

The same subject continued,

45

NO. XI.

The utility of the union in respect to commerce and a navy,

52

NO. XII.

The utility of the union in respect to revenue,

57

NO. XIII.

The same subject continued, with a view to economy,

62

NO. XIV.

An objection drawn from the extent of country answered,

NO. XV.

Concerning the defects of the present confederation, in relation to the
principle of legislation for the states in their collective capacities,

NO. XVI.

The same subject continued, in relation to the same principles,

NO. XVII.

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The subject continued, and illustrated by examples, to show the ten-
dency of federal governments, rather to anarchy among the mem-
bers, than tyranny in the head,

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NO. XVIII.

The subject continued, with further examples,

NO. XIX.

The subject continued, with further examples,

NO. XX.

The subject continued, with further examples,

NO. XXI.

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The necessity of a government, at least equally energetic with the one
proposed,

NO. XXIV.

The subject continued, with an answer to an objection concerning
standing armies,

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Concerning the difficulties which the convention must have experienc-
ed in the formation of a proper plan,

NO. XXXVIII.

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174

The subject continued, and the incoherence of the objections to the
plan exposed,

NO. XXXIX.

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The conformity of the plan to republican principles: an objection in
respect to the powers of the convention, examined,

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187

NO. XL.

The same objection further examined,

NO. XLI.

General view of the powers proposed to be vested in the union,

NO. XLII.

The same view continued,

NO. XLIII.

The same view continued,

NO. XLIV.

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The same view continued and concluded,

NO. XLV.

A further discussion of the supposed danger from the powers of the

union, to the state governments,

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