On May 9, C. A. Chekrezi, the representative of the Albanian Government of Durazzo at Washington, remonstrated against the resolution in a letter to Senator Lodge, just as he had against the memorandum, which had the support of President Wilson, and the compromise measure which had not that support. In his letter Mr. Chekrezi complained that the awarding of the two Southern Albanian provinces of Koritza and Arghyrocastro to Greece had been favored without holding hearings as he had requested, he technically having no standing with the Secretary of State. He called the committee's action unjust, on the ground that it was taken without granting the natives of Koritza and Arghyrocastro the elementary right of a hearing before the committee." This action, he added, was without any parallel in the history of America, for Albania has not been either an enemy or an ally of the United States." BULGARIA ists, whose thirty-nine seats were reduced to nine. On April 19 the new Sobranje was opened. A member of the Peasant Party, Potev, was elected Speaker. Premier Stamboliisky then announced the retire ment of the three members of his Cabinet, Madjarov, Burov and Danev, who did not belong to the Peasant Party. The royal address, read by the Premier, struck an optimistic note, emphasizing the readiness of the Bulgarian people to start on the task of reconstruction, and to resume friendly co-operation with its former enemies. A Cabinet council, held after the session, decided that, as a token of Bulgaria's good-will and solicitude to fulfill the peace treaty, the shipments of coal to Serbia would be undertaken without delay. During the month under review the Bulgarian press kept up the demand for a Bulgar Thrace and a Free State for the remaining Turkish littorial of Constantinople. JUGOSLAVIA Antagonism between Federalists and Centralists continues as the pivotal domestic issue in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The fall of the Davidovitch Cabinet, backed by the Democrats and Socialists, signified the breakdown, at least temporary, of the tendency to transform the seven Jugoslav lands into a strongly centralized state on the French model. The new Premier Protitch, on the other hand, who is supported by a coalition of radicals and regionalist factions, holds Jugoslav unity is best served by granting broad autonomy to the seven provinces, which lived up to the union in 1918, under widely different laws, and represent a wide range of political, cultural and economic development. that The settlement of the constitutional question in indefinitely delayed by the deadlock in the Skupshtina, due to the rule requiring a quorum of more than half the total membership. As the Protitch Government does not muster an absolute majority, the opposition obstructs progress by the simple device of not attending sessions. This situation In prevents the enactment of a uniform electoral law under which a new Constituent Assembly could be chosen. the meantime the provinces which have formerly belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy are being administered by local bodies of a more or less impromptu character, and working with a very imperfect co-ordination, a circumstance greatly retarding economic reconstruction. In the field of foreign relations the Protitch Government has taken over the policies of its predecessor, the Foreign Minister, Mr. Trumbitch, retaining his portfolio. Here the burning question is that of Fiume and the Adriatic. A solution of the Fiume problem was again reported on May 12, when Mr. Trumbitch was quoted as saying that the Italian delegates at the conference at Pallanza agreed to recognize the "Wilson line" as the frontier between the two countries; also, that Fiume should be placed under Italian sovereignty, but with the League of Nations administering the port. The Jugoslav delegates were reported to have entered a claim for rectifying the northern frontier of Albania in their favor. No solution of the Adriatic problem was reported. The Jugoslav Government has made representations to the Supreme Council against the belligerent attitude of Hungary. Concentration of 10,000 Magyar troops in a menacing position near the Jugoslav frontier was complained of. A Hungarian uprising at Subotitsȧ April 19 had been suppressed. on On April 16 a railroad strike was proclaimed over almost the entire territory of the Jugoslav kingdom. The strikers were soon joined by the crews of river shipping. Communist propaganda was active in the movement, and in several instances rioting had to be put down by the military. A week later the conclusion of the strike, apparently by compromise, was reported. GREECE The terms of the Turkish Treaty of Peace, although more or less anticipated by the press of Athens under the pro phetic guidance of M. Venizelos, the Prime Minister, may be misinterpreted by the friends of Greece abroad. Her status in Smyrna, which Turkey is required to acknowledge, is elsewhere defined in this number of CURRENT HISTORY, as is also her complete sovereignty over Thrace, save the City of Constantinople and its small covering area. Besides these concessions Greece is to administer the islands of the Aegean, including Imbros, Tenedos, Memnos, Samothrace, Mitylene, Samos, Nikaria and Chinos, pledging herself to protect the minorities therein, although the islands of the southern archipelago, known as the Dodecanese, held in bond by Italy ever since the Turko-Italian war of 1911-12, are definitely ceded by the treaty to Italy, thereby confirming the Treaty of London of April 26, 1915. Therein may lie the misapprehension, as these islands are predominantly Greek in history, culture, and population and have been striven for by M. Venizelos ever since the armistice. It is merely another case of the Shantung concession to Japan, however. As long as the Adriatic question remains unsettled, the Treaty of London is technically in force, and the Supreme Council could not ignore that treaty by having Turkey Icede the islands to Greece. Therefore, they will be held by Italy until the protocol reached by M. Venizelos and Signor Orlando in January, 1919, shall emerge from the Adriatic settlement either by a definite settlement between Italy and Jugoslavia or by the execution of the Treaty of London, when the islands will be turned over to Greece, Italy retaining certain economic and strategic privileges. The Turkish Treaty of Peace brings under the Athens Government an additional Greek population of 2,500,000, giving a total of 7,500,000, two-thirds of the new nationals being contributed by Turkey and one-third by Bulgaria. There still remain outside of the New Greece in the Levant about 2,000,000 Greeks. Of these 850,000 are known as Pontine Greeks living in and around Trebizond, on the Black Sea. The press of Athens as well as M. Venizelos began an active campaign to secure complete inde pendence for Pontus, now included in the still unsettled vilayet of Trebizond. Pontus, ever since the seventh century B. C., has been ethnically Greek. It now claims an area of 35,000 square miles with a population of 1,700,000, of whom, as has been said, 850,000 are Greeks; the remainder are Jews, Tartars, Arabs and Armenians. Another project undertaken by the same interests was the project for an Italo-Greek League with the aim to dominate, if not to control, the future development of commerce in the Levant and the surrounding littoral. Still another project begun by the Athens Government was a concordat between the Greek Orthodox Church and the Vatican. The Metropolitan of Athens began a correspondence with the Vatican with this in view. the great Transylvanian poet, whose followers favor close union of the lands composing the new Rumania. The Saxon and Magyar element in Transylvania and the Ukrainian element in Bukovina and Bessarabia are greatly embittered by the rescission of autonomy. Another change tending to insure the ascendency of the old Kingdom of Rumania over the newly acquired territories is the subdivision of the entire State into departments, with prefects nominated directly from Bucharest. Finally, the number of Deputies in the Chamber has been reduced from 548 to 324. Here again the Transylvanians charge discrimination, as they are to lose more seats in proportion to their number under the old kingdom. Elections for the new Parliament have been set for the end of May. Mr. Argetoianu, the Minister of Finance and General Avarescu's chief lieutenant in the Cabinet, estimates Rumania's total war expenditure (including losses and immediate reconstruction) at thirty billion leis (at normal rates a leis is 19.30 cents). To meet the situation, the Government contemplates the introduction of two budgets, a were Sentences were meted out to the conspirators against the life of M. Venizelos in the plot of last December. In Athens on May 10 General Libritis, Colonels Derleres and Karapateas and Captain Kanabouvos were sentenced to life imprisonment; fifteen other officers received sentences ranging from fifteen to twenty years; twenty-four acquitted. RUMANIA In the field of domestic policy centralization is the motto of the Avarescu Government, which came into power after the dismissal of the Vaida-Voevod Cabinet, last January. A notable victory of the centralist tendency was achieved when the National Councils of Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia were dissolved. The former two had been organized at the time of the collapse of Austria-Hungary; they acted as provisional governments in the transition period and later as autonomous administrations under the authority of Bucharest. The dissolution of the Transylvanian Council meets with bitter criticism on the part of many Transylvanian leaders, chiefly Dr. Vaida-Voevod, the former Premier, and Dr. Maniu. On the other hand, General Avarescu is supported by the party of Octavian Goga, war liquidation budget and an ordinary budget. For the purposes of the latter, income taxes will be increased, but not over twofold of the present. Military units were converted by the Premier into labor armies to improve communication and transport services. Various civic and political reforms were instituted. With regard to the financial and economic development of the kingdom, the Minister said, foreign assistance is necessary, both in money and technical equipment and talent. For the moment the only export articles are petroleum and its by-products, but soon there will be salt and timber to dispose of. Grain will not be available for export before 1921. In the beginning of May the Rumanian Government resumed negotiations with Poland for a military alliance against Soviet Russia. The Premier, General Avarescu, visited Warsaw, and preparations to restore the army to a war basis were begun. Terms of the Final Peace Treaty of the World War-Effects on the Map of Asia Minor TURKEY HE Turkish Peace Treaty, as finally shaped after the San Remo Conference, was handed to Tewfik Pasha, head of the Sultan's peace delegation, at the French Foreign Office in Paris on May 11. On handing the treaty to the Ottoman delegate M. Millerand observed that Turkey had prolonged the war by taking sides with the Central Empires and must pay the price. He also stated that, though the allied powers had decided to leave the Sultan in Constantinople, they were determined that law and order should prevail in what was left of Turkey. Tewfik Pasha was informed that Turkey had thirty days in which to make reply to the terms laid down. Under these terms, considered generally, the seat of Government, though remaining at Constantinople, will be under the dominating influence, if not the direction, of an interallied commission; Turkey loses all military and naval power; her national finances will be in the hands of an Anglo-Franco-Italian mission; the territory of the empire has been so contracted, distributed and assigned as to make it impossible again for the Turk to exercise his former control over the lives and property of the ancient races and religions in what for centuries has been a reproach to Christianity and a stigma on the politics of Western Europe. The financial terms are especially drastic. The treaty establishes a strict and permanent control of Turkish finances by giving to the international mission complete power of final approval over all Turkish budgets, supervision over the execution of all Ottoman financial laws, and the reformation of the Turkish monetary system. No loan, internal or external, can be contracted without the commission's approval. This commission is empowered to fix the annual sum to be paid the allied nations by Turkey to cover the cost of occupation. By this treaty the allied determination that the control of the straits, including the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora and the Bosporus shall pass out of Turkish hands permanently is assured. The navigation of these straits is to be open in time of peace and war alike to all vessels of commerce or war without distinction of flag. These waters are not to be subject to blockade, and no act of war may be committed there except in enforcing the decisions of the League of Nations. A Straits Commission is established, to be composed of representatives of all the allied nations, Russia and Bulgaria (if they join the League), and of the United States if it wishes to be represented. One section of the treaty assures the protection of minorities, without distinction of birth, nationality, language or religion. All religious and political prisoners are to be released. The Allies and the League of Nations are to be responsible for the strict execution of these provisions. Turkey, for police purposes alone, is allowed to maintain a force of 35,000 men, with an emergency increase of 15,000 in case of special necessity. The Sultan may have a bodyguard of 700 men. Turkey is forbidden to maintain a fleet or military airplanes. All fortifications along the straits are to be destroyed. An army of occupation there is to be maintained by France, England and Italy, Greece to furnish additional forces if required.. Turks charged with war crimes are to be tried by allied military tribunals. Turkey must hand over the persons responsible for the massacres that have occurred since August, 1914, who are to be tried by a League of Nations court or some similar tribunal. All allied financial losses in the war are to be admitted as liabilities by Turkey, as was done in the case of the German and Austrian treaties. Such, in brief, are the terms of the Map of Turkey as affected by the decisions of the San Remo Conference. Pending the announcement of definite boundaries, the various mandatory spheres of control are indicated only in a general way by the black circles. More detailed information in each case is given in the adjoining pages. treaty that shears Turkey of all her power, military, naval and political; which is intended to control her future acts toward the non-Turkish elements left in her population, and which exacts retribution for her acts of war on the side of the Central Powers. But Turkey's greatest humiliation lies in the territorial terms, which leave her but a fraction of the vast area she formerly misgoverned. The treaty lays down the dismemberment of the former empire systematically. The decisions reached are treated, country by country, below. The moving factor in bringing about Turkey's vast territorial loss was Great Britain, which, de facto if not de jure, has become the mandatary. Although France owns from 60 to 65 per cent. of the Ottoman bonds, an Englishman, Sir Adam Block, is President of the Debt Administration. Although French, Italian and Greek troops may independently protect the portions of the empire to be administered by their several Governments, a British General will enforce the treaty terms at Constantinople, and even the sanctity of the harems will no longer be observed by his agents in search of forced alien converts to Islam. At the beginning of the World War the Turkish Empire included in Europe 10,882 square miles of territory, with a population of 1,891,000, and with the Asiatic vilayets and sanjaks a total area of 710,224 square miles, with a population of 21,273,900. Although the frontiers of the contracted empire were not entirely determined, the treaty of peace reduced the territorial entity to less than 100,000 square miles, with a population of about 5,000,000, a majority of whom are Moslems but, paradoxical as it may seem, a minority of whom are actual Turks, of the Ottoman type. To particularize: There remain to the Turk in Europe the vilayet of Constantinople and the sanjak of Chatalja, with an area of 2,238 square miles and a population of 1,281,000, only half of whom are Moslems and a third Moslem Turks; in Asia Minor he will have majorities in the sanjak of Ismid and the vilayets of Brusa, Kastamuni, and Angora, with an additional area of 75,470 square miles and a population of 3,743,500; parts of Konia, Sivas, Trebizond; in old Armenia parts of Erzerum and Mamuret-ul-Aziz. That is all. Mustapha Kemal Pasha continued to mobilize the Turkish National Army and the Turkish rump" Parliament at |