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Office a series of eight demands divided into two categories. Four were demands properly so called and four desiderata.

The Demands were:

The Demands

1. Punishment of the general commanding the 28th Division. 2. The dismissal of the officers at Chengchia Tun responsible for the occurrence, as well as the severe punishment of those who took direct part in the fracas.

3. Proclamation to be posted ordering all Chinese soldiers and civilians in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia to refrain from any act calculated to provoke a breach of the peace with Japanese soldiers or civilians.

4. China to agree to the stationing of Japanese police officers in places in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia where their presence was considered necessary for the protection of Japanese subjects. China also to agree to the engagement by the officials of South Manchuria of Japanese police advisers.

The Desiderata were:

The Desiderata

1. Chinese troops stationed in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia to employ a certain number of Japanese military officers as advisers.

2. Chinese military cadet schools to employ a certain number of Japanese military officers as instructors.

3. The Military Governor of Mukden to proceed personally to Port Arthur to the Japanese Military Governor of Kwantung to apologize for the occurrence and to tender similar personal apologies to the Japanese Consul General in Mukden.

4. Adequate compensation to be paid by China to the Japanese sufferers and to the families of those killed.

In deference to the expressed desire of the Japanese Government, the Chinese Government did not discuss the rights and wrongs of the case itself, but proceeded direct to the discussion of the foregoing demands and desiderata, the Chinese Government throughout the negotions being animated by a sincere desire to meet all Japanese proposals in a spirit of friendly compromise.

From September 9th to November 24th frequent conferences were

held, and the five demands embodied in the exchange of notes later referred to were verbally agreed upon. While disposed, however, to make every concession consistent with the preservation of China's sovereignty, the Chinese Government could not consent to the stationing of Japanese police officers in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia and to the employment of Japanese military advisers and instructors.

On October 18th the Japanese Minister submitted a memorandum setting forth the duties of Japanese police officers and seeking to prove that these duties would not conflict with the duties of Chinese police in the same areas.

Dr. Wu Ting-fang, after having assumed charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, continued the negotiations on December 19th. Several conferences were held, the Japanese Minister pressing for acceptance of the demands for the employment of Japanese police officers and military instructors and advisers, the Foreign Minister contending that such demands were neither just nor reasonable.

On January 5th the Japanese Minister handed the Chinese Government three notes verbales.

The first had regard to the engagement of military instructors in Chinese cadet schools, and explained that this desire on the part of Japan was inspired by the wish to assist in the development of a friendly spirit on the part of the Chinese military in Manchuria and in Eastern Inner Mongolia so that future recurrence of similar misunderstandings might be avoided. Japan expressed the hope that Japanese military instructors in the cadet schools would be appointed. Inasmuch, however, as the question was one which concerned Chinese military affairs it ought to be left to the discretion of the Chinese Government, and the Japanese Government would not insist upon it.

The second had regard to the employment of military advisers in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia, and affirmed that this proposal on the part of Japan was inspired by the hope of bringing about a friendly interchange of views between the military of the two countries so as to prevent misunderstandings. Japan expressed the hope that Japanese military advisers in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia would be appointed. Inasmuch, however, as this was a question concerning the military administration it must be left to the discretion of the Chinese Government, and the Japanese Government would not insist upon it.

The third note verbale had regard to the stationing of police officers. Japanese subjects, it said, traveling and residing in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia must increase. For their protection and the preservation of order among them and to prevent misunderstanding it is necessary to increase the establishment of Japanese police officers and police stations. This is a corollary of the rights of extraterritoriality and does not violate Chinese sovereignty. Should the Chinese Government not express its concurrence with this view the Japanese Government would nevertheless, in case of necessity, be forced to carry it into effect.

After due consideration the Chinese Government replied on January 12th:

1. In the military cadet schools China has hitherto employed only Chinese instructors. She has no intention at present of employing foreign military instructors.

2. In the office of the Military Governor of Mukden a Japanese military adviser is already employed. The Japanese note verbale was noted.

3. In regard to the stationing of Japanese police officers the agreement of May 25th, 19151 provides that all Japanese subjects in South Manchuria and in Eastern Inner Mongolia referred to in the agreement shall "submit to the police laws and ordinances and taxation of China." Questions arising from extraterritorial rights were thus provided for. Although the Japanese Minister may give an assurance that the Japanese police will not infringe the rights of the Chinese police and of the Chinese local administration, the stationing of Japanese police (in Chinese territory) will impair the spirit and the form of Chinese sovereignty and provoke misunderstanding on the part of the Chinese people to the detriment of friendly relations.

In regard to those Japanese police stations already established in Manchuria, the Chinese Government and local authorities have repeatedly protested against their presence. From investigations made by their delegates the Chinese Government are convinced that it was the Japanese police officer illegally stationed at Chengchia Tun despite the protests of the Chinese Government (Chengchia Tun being Chinese territory far removed from the Railway Zone) whose action was the direct cause of the regrettable conflict. The Chinese Government can never consent to the establishment of Japanese police stations in 1 Supplement to this JOURNAL, January, 1916 (vol. 10), p. 5.

South Manchuria. It again protests and asks for the removal of those police stations already established.

The Chinese Government, therefore, requested that this demand should be abandoned, and declared that it could not recognize any action taken in pursuance of the Japanese statement that should the Chinese Government not express its concurrence with this demand the Japanese Government would nevertheless in case of necessity carry it into effect.

The negotiations ended by the Governments agreeing to embody in an exchange of notes the following five stipulations:

1. The general commanding the 28th Division will be reproved. 2. Officers responsible will be punished according to law. If the law provides for severe punishment such punishment will be inflicted. 3. Proclamations will be issued enjoining Chinese soldiers and civilians in the districts where there is mixed residence to accord considerate treatment to Japanese soldiers and civilians.

4. The Military Governor of Mukden will send a representative to Port Arthur to convey his regret when the Military Governor of Kwantung and the Japanese Consul General are there together.

5. Solatium of $500 (five hundred dollars) will be given to the Japanese merchant Yoshimoto.

The Chengchia Tun incident having originated in a conflict between Chinese and Japanese soldiers, the Chinese Government considers that all Japanese soldiers within the district should be withdrawn in order to prevent any future disturbance. On January 22d the Wai Chiao Pu requested the Japanese Minister to state on what date the Japanese soldiers stationed between Ssupinkai and Chengchia Tun would be withdrawn. On the same day a reply was received from the Japanese Minister stating that when the five articles agreed upon are executed the Japanese troops sent to reënforce the Japanese detachment at the time of the incident will be withdrawn.

Throughout the negotiations the Chinese Government always animated by a spirit of compromise have been desirous of coming to a friendly settlement with Japan as proved by the concessions made. It confidently hopes that the Japanese Government will recognize this manifestation of good will and by the mutual exercise of great discipline and restraint in Manchuria in the future any recurrence of such regrettable incidents will be avoided.

EXCHANGES OF NOTES

Memorandum handed by the Japanese Minister to Dr. Chen Chintao, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs

The Imperial Government of Japan feels that the unfortunate Chengchiatun incident, occurring all of a sudden at a time when the relations between Japan and China have recently greatly improved, and [when] their mutual friendship has, just then, marked the beginning of a new era, is a matter of deep regret. It having made a careful investigation of the facts from all sides, is sincerely hoping for the rendition of an equitable decision based thereon. In a word, the present case arose out of the provocation on the part of the Chinese soldiers. Furthermore, the fact that the Japanese forces were invested and attacked by the Chinese soldiers admits of no doubt. Hence, it can

not be questioned but that the matter is a serious one. The Imperial Government, however, paying great regard to the relations between Japan and China, feels compelled to present this memorandum with a view to settling the case in dispute in a peaceful manner.

The Chinese Government is called upon immediately to effect the following provisions:

Punishment of the general commanding the 28th Division. The dismissal of all Chinese military officers responsible for this incident as well as the severe punishment of those who took direct part in the fracas.

Proclamations to be posted enjoining the whole body of the Chinese troops stationed in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia, to refrain from again provoking the Japanese forces, or soldiers, or other Japanese subjects, by either word, or act; such proclamation to be also widely published by all Chinese officials functioning in those regions for the general information of the public.

To agree that the Japanese Government may, with a view to the protection and government of the Japanese subjects in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia, send Japanese police officers to function at those places where considered to be necessary; also let the Chinese officials in South Manchuria employ more Japanese to serve as police advisers.

The following are optional with the Chinese Government:

Every Chinese army headquarter stationed in South Manchuria

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