Perimetry of the Localization of Sound: Parts I and IIState University of Iowa., 1908 - 100 من الصفحات |
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عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
accuracy accurate apparatus attention auditory imagery aural axis automatic average illusion binaural bisected line cent CHART complete Coover and Angell curve cylinder determine different directions discrimination distance double fatigue order elements estimated experimenter factors fluctuations fork form of imagery four grays four observers four tones Galton whistle Geom given greatest gain horizontal position identical elements imately intensity introspections judgments knowledge left ear left side localization of sound mean variation measurements ments misplaced 15 monaural localization motives nine grays NINE NUMBERS nine tones normal illusion Number correct Overcorrection overestimation perception of direction Poetry practice pure tone ratio records remember represent response right side Seashore second group second test size-weight illusion sound seemed Space Perception spread of training stimulus T-illusion TABLE tendency test experiments test series threshold tion trained observers training series trials untrained vertical position visual XINE
مقاطع مشهورة
الصفحة 99 - The very slight amount of variation in the nature of the data necessary to affect the efficiency of a function-group makes it fair to infer that no change in the data, however slight, is without effect on the function. The loss in the efficiency of a function trained with certain data, as we pass to data more and more unlike the first, makes it fair to infer that there is always a point where the loss is complete, a point beyond which the influence of the training has not extended.
الصفحة 99 - Improvement in any single mental function need not improve the ability in functions commonly called by the same name. It may injure it. Improvement in any single mental function rarely brings about equal improvement in any other function, no matter how similar, for the working of every mental function-group is conditioned by the nature of the data in each particular case.
الصفحة 100 - The general consideration of the cases of retention or of loss of practice effect seems to make it likely that spread of practice occurs only where identical elements are concerned in the influencing and influenced function.
الصفحة 57 - The experiments of the training series and the manner of conducting them will be explained under "Training Series." The test series consisted of eight experiments, as follows: 1. Memory for poetry. 2. Memory for the order of four shades of gray. 3. Memory for the order of nine tones. 4. Memory for the order of nine shades of gray. 5. Memory for the order of four tones. 6. Memory for the order of nine geometrical figures. 7. Memory for the order of nine numbers. 8. Memory for the extent of arm movement....
الصفحة 101 - Imagery may be sub-consciously developed, but if it comes to be consciously recognized the improvement is more rapid. The rate of improvement seems to depend directly upon the conscious recognition of the imagery, and upon attention to its use.
الصفحة 100 - ... trained with certain data, as we pass to data more and more unlike the first, makes it fair to infer that there is always a point where the loss is complete, a point beyond which the influence of the training has not extended. The rapidity of this loss, that is, its amount in the case of data very similar to the data on which the function was trained, makes it fair to infer that this point is nearer than has been supposed.
الصفحة 60 - ... which the nine tones had been given. The tones were called 1,2, 3, 4, in the order of loudness, 4 being the loudest. The i, 2, 3, 4 and the 4, 3, 2, i orders were avoided. Twenty groups of nine tones each were given in double fatigue order. Experiment IV. Memory for the order of nine grays. In this experiment, the four grays of Experiment II, were so arranged as to form a group of nine grays. These were exposed on the stimulator at the rate of one per second; exposure, one-half second. After...
الصفحة 108 - Í ft kept as nearly constant as possible. The experiments were made at the same time of the day and, as nearly as possible, on ten consecutive days. The observers were kept in complete ignorance about their results throughout the entire series. The task before the observer was quite simple — merely to represent, with the spring, a line which he was satisfied looked equal to the length of the cylinder. Unavoidable changes of attitude and development of theories were noted in introspective notes....
الصفحة 100 - ... intensity of application required in improvement and because of a possibility of reaching the limit of training for different observers within the practice period — such cases do not show any tendency to abandon the system. In this, therefore, our results do not agree with those of Coover and Angell. With the statement of Professor James our results are in accord inasmuch as all the factors we have discovered have to do with methods.
الصفحة 98 - Improvement seems to consist in divesting the essential process of the unessential factors, freeing judgment from illusions to which the unnecessary and often fantastic imagery gives rise, and of obtaining a uniform state of attention which is less than the maximum: "Judgment does not require strained attention. All are quite certain or satisfactory. Don't see what the process is now — seems automatic,