number of fruit trees he has planted in his enclosures with great regularity, he has vaft number of elms,. afhes, limes, &c. planted in rows on Epping foreft. Before his outgate, which is above twelve score diftance from his houfe, are two large fish-ponds on the foreft, in the way from his houfe, with trees on either fide lying betwixt them; in the middle of either pond is an ifland betwixt twenty and thirty yards over, and in the middle of each a house, the one like the other. They are faid to be well stocked with fifh, and fo they had need to be if they coft him five thousand pounds, as it is faid they did; as alfo that his plantations coft twice as much. 66 14. Sir Robert Clayton has great plantations at Marden in Surrey, in a foil not very benign to plants, but with great charge he forces nature to obey him. His gardens are big enough, but ftrangely irregular, his chief walk not being level, but rifing in the middle and falling much more at one end than the other; neither is the wall carried by a line either on the top or fides, but runs like an ordinary park wall, built as the ground goes. He built a good greenhoufe, but fet it fo that the hills in winter keep the fun from it, fo that they place their greens in a houfe on higher ground not built for that purpose. His dwelling houfe ftands very low, furrounded with great hills; and yet they have no water but what is forced from a deep well into a waterhoufe, whence they are furnished by pipes at pleasure. "15. The archbishop of Canterbury's garden at Lambeth has little in it but walks, the late archbishop not delighting in one, but they are now making them better; and they have already made a greenhoufe, one of the fineft and coftlieft about the town. It is of three rooms, the middle having a stove under it; the forefides of the rooms are almost all glafs, the roof covered with lead, the whole part (to adorn the building) rifing gavelwife higher than the reft; but it is placed fo near Lambeth church, that the fun fhines moft on it in winter after eleven o'clock; a fault owned by the gardener, but not thought on by the contrivers. Most of the greens are oranges and lemons, which have very large ripe fruit on them. 16. Dr. Uvedale of Enfield is a great lover of plants, and having an extraordinary art in managing them, is become mafter of the greatest and choiceft collection of exotic greens that is perhaps any where in this land. His greens take up fix or feven houses or roomfteads. His orange trees and largeft myrtles fill up his biggest houfe, and another houfe is filled with myrtles of a lefs fize, and thofe more nice and curious plants, that need clofer keeping are in warmer rooms, and fome of them ftoved when he thinks fit. His flowers are choice, his stock numerous, and his culture of them very methodical and curious; but, to fpeak of the garden in the whole, it does not lie fine to please the eye, his delight and care lying more in the ordering particular plants, than in the pleafing view and form of his garden. 66 17. Dr. Tillotson's garden near Enfield is a pleafureable place for walks, and fome good walls there are too; but the tall afpin trees, and the many ponds in the heart of it, are not fo agreeable. He has two houses for greens, but had few in them, all the best being removed to Lambeth. The houfe is moated about. 18. Mr. Evelyn has a pleafant villa at Deptford, a fine garden for walks and hedges (efpecially his holly one, which he writes of in his Sylva), and a pretty little greenhoufe, with an indifferent ftock in it. In his garden he has four large round philareas, fmooth clipped, raifed on a fingle ftalk from the ground, a fashion now much ufed. Part of his garden is very woody and fhady for walking; but his garden, not being walled, has little of the best fruits. "19. Mr. Watts's houfe and garden made near Endfield are new; but the garden for the time is very fine, and large and regularly laid out, with a fair fifh-pond in the middle. He built a greenhoufe this fummer with three rooms (fomewhat like the archbishop of Canterbury's) the middle with a stove under it, and a fky-light above, and both of them of glafs on the forefide, with fhutters within, and the roof finely covered with Irish flate. But this fine houfe is under the fame great fault with three before (Numbers 8, 14, 15.); they built it in fummer, and thought not of winter; the dwelling houfe on the fouth fide interpofing betwixt the fun and it now when its beams fhould refresh plants. "20. Brompton park garden, belonging to Mr. London and Mr. Wife, has a large long greenhouse, the front all glafs and board, the north fide brick. Here the king's greens, which were in fummer at Kenfington, are placed, but they take but little room in comparifon of their own. Their garden is chiefly a nursery for all forts of plants, of which they are very full. 21. Mr. Raynton's garden at Endfield is obfervable for nothing but his greenhouse, which he has had for many years. His orange, lemon, and myrtle trees, are as full and furnifhed as any in cafes. He has a myrtle cut in fhape of a chaire, that is a leaft fix feet high from the cafe, but the lower part is thin of leaves. The reft of the garden is very ordinary, and on the outfide of his garden he has a warren, which makes the ground about his feat lye rudely, and fometimes the coneys work under the wall into the garden. 22. Mr. Richardfon at Eaft Barnet has a pretty garden, with fine walks and good flowers; but the garden not being walled about they have lefs fummer fruit, yet are, therefore, the more induftrious in managing the peach and apricot dwarf ftandards, which, they fay, fupply them plentifully with very good fruit. There is a good fishpond in the middle of it, from which a broad gravel walk leads to the highway, where a fair pair of broad gates, with a narrower on either fide, open at the top to look through fmall bars, well wrought and well painted, are a great ornament to the garden. They have orange and lemon trees; but the wife and fon being the managers of the garden (the husband being gouty and not minding it), they cannot prevail for a houfe for them other than a barn end. 23. Captain Fofter's garden at Lambeth has many curiofities in it. His greenhoufe is full of fresh and flourishing plants, and before it is the fineft ftriped holly hedge that perhaps is in England. He has many myrtles, not the greateft, but of the most fanciful fhapes that are any where elfe. He has a framed walk of timber covered with vines, which, with others, running on moft of his walls without prejudice to his lower trees, yield him a deal of wine. Of flowers he has a good choice, and his Virginia and other birds in a great variety, with his glafs hive, add much to the pleasure of his garden. 24. Monfieur Anthony Vefprit has a little garden of very choice things. His greenhouse has no very great number of plants, but what he has are of the best fort, and very well ordered. His oranges and lemons (fruit and tree) are extraordinary fair, and for lentifcus's and Roman bayes he has choice above others. 25. Ricketts, at Hoxton, has a large ground, and abundantly ftocked with all manner of flowers, fruit-trees, and other garden plants, with lime trees, which are now much planted; and, for a fale garden, he has a very good greenhoufe, and well filled with fresh greens, befides which he has another room very full of greens in pots. He has a greater ftock of Affyrian thyme than any body elfe; for, befides many pots of it, he has beds abroad, with plenty of roots, which they cover with mats and ftraw in winter. He fells his things with the dearest, and, not taking due care to have his plants prove well, he is fupposed to have loft much of his cuftom. "26. Pearfon has not near fo large a ground as Rickets (on whom he almoft joins), and therefore he has not fo many trees, but of flowers he has great choice, and of anemonies he avers he has the best about London, and fells them only to gentlemen. He has no greenhoufe, yet has abundance of myrtles and striped philareas, with o ranges and other greens, which he keeps fafe enough under theds, funk a foot within ground, and covered with ftraw. He has abundance of cypreffes, which, at three feet high, he fells for four pence apiece to thofe that take any number. He is moderate in bis prices, and accounted very honeft in his dealing, which gets him much chapmanry. 27. Darby, at Hoxton, has but a little garden, but is mafter of feveral curious greens that other fale gardeners want, and which he faves from cold and winter weather in greenhouses of his own making. His fritalaria craffa (a green) had a flower on it of the breadth of a half crown, like an embroidered ftar, of feveral colours; I faw not the like any where, no, not at Dr. Uvedale's, though he has the fame plant. He raifes many ftriped hollies by inoculation, though captain Fofter grafts them as we do apple trees. He is very curious in propagating greens, but is dear with them. He has a folio paper book in which he has pafted the leaves and flowers of almost all manner of plants, which make a pretty shew, and are more inftructive than any cuts in herbals. "28. Clements, at Mile-end, has no bigger a garden than Darby, but has more greens, yet not of fuch curious forts. He keeps them in a greenhouse made with a light charge. He has vines in many places about old trees, which they wind about. He made wine this year of his white mufcadine, and white frontinac, better I thought than any French white wine. He keeps a fhop of feeds in plants in pots next the street." SKETCH SKETCH of the HISTORY of SUGAR in the EARLY TIMES, and through the MIDDLE AGES; by WILLIAM FALCONER, M. D. F. R. S. &c. [From the MEMOIRS of the LITERARY and PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY of MANCHESTER, Vol. IV. Part II.] HE ufe of fugar is probably "THE of high, though not remote antiquity, as no mention of it is appearance of falt; and, like that, is brittle when chewed. It is beneficial to the bowels and fto made, as far as I can find, in the fa-mach, if taken diffolved in water; cred writings of the old teftament. The conquefts of Alexander feem to have opened the discovery of it to the western parts of the world. "Nearchus, his admiral, found the fugar cane in the Eaft Indies, as appears from his account of it, quoted by Strabo. It is not, however, clear, from what he fays, that any art was used in bringing the juice of the cane to the confiftence of fugar. "Theophraftus, who lived not long after, feems to have had fome knowledge of fugar, at leaft of the cane from which it is prepared. In enumerating the different kinds of honey, he mentions one that is found in reeds, which must have been meant of fome of those kinds which produce fugar. "Eratofthenes, alfo, is quoted by Strabo, as fpeaking of the roots of large reeds found in India, which were Tweet to the taste both when raw and when boiled. "The next author, in point of time, that makes mention of fugar, is Varro, who, in a fragment quoted by Ifidorus, evidently alludes to this fubftance. He defcribes it as a fluid, preffed out from reeds of a large fize, which was fweeter than honey. "Diofcorides, fpeaking of the different kinds of honey, fays, that there is a kind of it, in a concrete • state, called faccharon, which is ⚫ found in reeds in India and Arabia Felix. This, he adds, has the and is alfo useful in diseases of the bladder and kidneys. Being fprinkled on the eye, it removes 'thofe fubftances that obfcure the fight.' The above is the first account I have feen of the medicinal virtues of fugar. "Galen appears to have been well acquainted with fugar, which he defcribes, nearly as Diofcorides had done, as a kind of honey, called facchar, that came from India and Arabia Felix, and concreted in reeds. He defcribes it as less sweet than honey, but of fimilar qualities, as detergent, deficcative, and digerent. He remarks a difference, however, in that fugar is not, like honey, injurious to the ftomach, or productive of thirst. "If the third book of Galen, Upon medicines that may be easily 'procured,' be genuine, we have reafon to think fugar could not be a fcarce article, as it is there re peatedly prefcribed. "Lucan alludes to fugar, in his third book, where he fpeaks of the fweet juices expreffed from reeds, which were drank by the people of India. "Seneca, the philofopher, like wife fpeaks of an oily fweet juice in reeds, which probably was fu gar. "Pliny was better acquainted with this fubftance, which he calls by the name of faccaron; and fays, that it was brought from Arabia and India, but the beft from the latter brittle, and poffeffing a detergent and purgative power like to ho latter country. He defcribes it as a kind of honey, obtained from reeds, of a white colour, refemblingney; and which, being boiled in gum, and brittle when preffed by the teeth, and found in pieces of the fize of a hazel nut. It was used in medicine only. "Salmafius, in his Pliniana Exercitationes, fays, that Pliny relates, upon the authority of Juba the hiftorian, that fome reeds grew in the fortunate iflands which increased to the fize of trees, and yielded a liquor that was sweet and agrecable to the palate. This plant he concludes to be the fugar cane; but I think the paffage in Pliny fcarcely implies fo much. Hitherto we have had no account of any artificial preparation of fugar, by boiling or otherwife; but there is a paffage in Statius, that feems, if the reading be genuine, to allude to the boiling of fugar, and is thought to refer immediately thereto by Stephens in his Thefaurus. "Arrian, in his Periplus of the Red Sea, fpeaks of the honey from reeds, called facchar (Eazyag), as one of the articles of trade between Ariace and Barygaza, two places of the hither India, and fome of the ports on the red fea. "Aelian, in his natural history, fpeaks of a kind of honey, which was preffed from reeds, that grew among the Prafii, a people that lived near the Ganges. "Tertullian alfo fpeaks of fugar, in his book Dejudicio Dei, as a kind of honey procured from canes. "Alexander Aphrodifæus appears to have been acquainted with fugar, which was, in his time, regarded as an Indian production. He fays, that what the Indians called fugar, was a concretion of honey, in reeds, refembling grains of falt, of a white colour, and 1796. the fame manner as honey, is rendered lefs purgative, without impairing its nutritive quality.' "Paulus Ægineta fpeaks of fugar as growing, in his time, in Europe, and alfo as brought from Arabia Felix; the latter of which he feems to think lefs fweet than the fugar produced in Europe, and neither injurious to the ftomach nor caufing thirst, as the European fugar was apt to do. "Achmet, a writer, who, according to fome, lived about the year 830, fpeaks familiarly of fugar as common in his time. "Avicenna, the Arab phyfician, fpeaks of fugar as being a produce of reeds; but it appears he meant the fugar called tabaxir or tabarzet, as he calls it by that name. "It does not appear, that any of the above mentioned writers knew of the method of preparing fugar, by boiling down the juice of the reeds to a confiftence. It is alfo thought, the fugar they had was not procured from the fugar cane in use at prefent, but from another of a larger fize, called tabarzet by Avicenna, which is the arundo arbor of Cafpar Bauhin, the faccar mambu of later writers, and the arundo bambos of Linnæus. This yields a fweet milky juice, and oftentimes a hard crystallized matter, exactly refembling fugar, both in taîte and appearance. "The hiftorians of the Crufades make the next mention of fugar of any that have fallen under my obfervation. "The author of the Hiftoria Hierofolymitana fays, that the Crufaders found in Syria certain reeds called cannameles, of which it was reported I |