University of Iowa Studies in Psychology, المجلدات 4-6University of Iowa, 1905 |
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عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
ability accuracy accurate apparatus approximately attention attention-wave audiometer auditory imagery aural axis binaural binocular vision cent constant error correct correlation curves cylinder determine difference directions distance distribution effect elements equal experimenter experiments eyes fact factors favorable figure fluctuations four grays four tones front gain Galton whistle given hearing Helmholtz resonator high tone horizontal plane hour-waves illusion imagery improvement increments indicated individual intensity interval introspections judgments low tones lower mean variation measurements median plane ment method mind-wandering misplaced musical nine grays nine tones observers octave perception period pitch discrimination practice preliminary psychology records relatively represent reproduction resonator scale Seashore second test second tone seemed side sing sharp singing standard tone stimulus stroboscopic T-illusion Table tendency threshold timbre tion tonal tonoscope training series trials tuning forks University of Iowa variable varied vertical position vibration visual voice waves women
مقاطع مشهورة
الصفحة 99 - The very slight amount of variation in the nature of the data necessary to affect the efficiency of a function-group makes it fair to infer that no change in the data, however slight, is without effect on the function. The loss in the efficiency of a function trained with certain data, as we pass to data more and more unlike the first, makes it fair to infer that there is always a point where the loss is complete, a point beyond which the influence of the training has not extended.
الصفحة 150 - THE DURATION OF TONES, THE TIME INTERVAL, THE DIRECTION OF SOUND, DARKNESS AND QUIET, AND THE ORDER OF STIMULI IN PITCH DISCRIMINATION...
الصفحة 99 - Improvement in any single mental function need not improve the ability in functions commonly called by the same name. It may injure it. Improvement in any single mental function rarely brings about equal improvement in any other function, no matter how similar, for the working of every mental function-group is conditioned by the nature of the data in each particular case.
الصفحة 57 - The experiments of the training series and the manner of conducting them will be explained under "Training Series." The test series consisted of eight experiments, as follows: 1. Memory for poetry. 2. Memory for the order of four shades of gray. 3. Memory for the order of nine tones. 4. Memory for the order of nine shades of gray. 5. Memory for the order of four tones. 6. Memory for the order of nine geometrical figures. 7. Memory for the order of nine numbers. 8. Memory for the extent of arm movement....
الصفحة 101 - Imagery may be sub-consciously developed, but if it comes to be consciously recognized the improvement is more rapid. The rate of improvement seems to depend directly upon the conscious recognition of the imagery, and upon attention to its use.
الصفحة 100 - ... trained with certain data, as we pass to data more and more unlike the first, makes it fair to infer that there is always a point where the loss is complete, a point beyond which the influence of the training has not extended. The rapidity of this loss, that is, its amount in the case of data very similar to the data on which the function was trained, makes it fair to infer that this point is nearer than has been supposed.
الصفحة 101 - The amount in favor of the adult shown in all group statistics is amply accounted for by the difficulty in making a reliable test on the young and by their lack of information. This statement is based primarily on two lines of evidence, — the common occurrence of fine, irreducible records among young children, and the character of the conditions which are ordinarily overcome by instruction and training.
الصفحة 103 - ... of studying a case of complete congenital cataracts in which vision was not acquired until adult life is seldom given to a laboratory. About twenty cases of acquired vision have been reported in the psychological literature of Europe ; in all except a few of these, sight was restored early in life.1 So far as I can discover, there has been no psychological investigation of a congenital cataract case in this country. The present Iowa case, moreover, seems to be the first attempt to utilize the...
الصفحة 31 - Experiments show that the just perfectly clearly perceptible tone is most favorable for accurate results. It is ordinarily purer than a stronger tone and favors concentration. Experimenters must guard against a very common tendency, usually unconscious, to facilitate the discrimination by making the tones loud ; and untrained observers usually desire (unwisely) a loud tone.
الصفحة 73 - Notation and plan of this table same as in Table I. A similar test of the effect of instruction was made in a class of 200 adults. After two preliminary tests, one heterogeneous and one homogeneous, the poorest one-fourth of the group were taken and instructed individually as to the actual nature of pitch hearing. An effort was made to find out what particular difficulties they were encountering, and explanation and illustration were based progressively upon this information. As a class these had...