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lished some impressive figures on this subject. At least four in ten of our deaths are needless. Six hundred thirty thousand of our people die needlessly every year. A million and a half to-day and always are ill needlessly. Their illnesses entail economic loss on this country estimated at a billion and a half dollars annually. As the president has said, as we must all come to realize, it is not an army that is at war, it is a nation. And the winning of the war calls for all the vitality the citizens of the nation can conserve. It is a good time to reread the late Professor James' book on The Powers of Men, and to put our wills to the summoning for the country's service of those powers that lie in our unplumbed reservoirs of strength.

The third way in which we can help win the war by saving is through the reduction of our expenditures for things that do not promote efficiency in mind or body. The result of such reduction will be savings of money which can be made to help win the war in either of two ways: either the money can be put into a bank where it will be used by the banker for financing the country's necessary war-time business or it can be lent to the government for use in financing the war. Perhaps a very simple illustration might be helpful, an illustration that is to be taken of course as a condemnation not of moderate pleasure riding, but of immoderation.

At the end of the week, after buying the things needed to maintain my family and myself in efficiency, I have left, let us say, a ten-dollar gold piece. Suppose I use the money in hiring for a Sunday tour a motor-car and a chauffeur. I thereby do three things that tend to impair the nation's warmaking efficiency. I consume gasoline, an article limited in

supply and yet indispensable to the winning of the war. I contribute to the demand for the manufacture of pleasure vehicles at a time when mechanics are needed for the manufacture of motor trucks and ships and airplanes and artillery and all the enginery of war. And, thirdly, by hiring the chauffeur I help divert labor from the productive processes of the country at a time when the productive processes are inadequate to the supreme job in hand.

Suppose, on the other hand, that I put my ten-dollar gold piece into a bank. There it will serve as a reserve against which the banker will lend, say, fifty dollars—that is, will give credit on his deposit ledger for fifty dollars-to the farmer with which to buy seed wheat or to the motor truck manufacturer with which to buy steel.

Suppose, in the third place, that by paying my ten dollars on a Liberty Loan Bond I lend it at three and a half per cent. to the government. Then I shall know that for that week I have done directly my full part toward paying for the war in one way it can be paid for with the minimum economic loss; namely, out of savings from current income, out of current income as distinguished from previously accumulated capital. I shall know, having lent to the government my ten dollars that came perhaps from increased frugality, perhaps from longer hours of work, perhaps from better work, I shall know that for that week I have done directly my full part toward putting the government into possession of the billions needed for the war.

Let it be noted parenthetically that I speak of billions as being needed by the government; for, as others have pointed out, there is much confusion in popular discussion between the cost of the war to the government and, an entirely different thing, the cost of the war to the country. Much will

be spent, for example, in feeding and clothing soldiers who in peace would have had to feed and clothe themselves at as great, perhaps greater, cost.

But, it is objected, and the objection has been loudly reiterated throughout the country, if everybody puts his ten dollars into the bank or lends it to the government what is to become of the man who rents motor-cars for Sunday tours? His business will not go on as usual. No, to be sure, his business will not go on as usual. He will be one of those -a very great number-to whom the war will bring hardship and sacrifice; for whom business will not and can not go on as usual. The business of no nation at war can go on as usual. There are a thousand reasons. Take one-the most obvious: A million men, including the nation's best in mind and body, are being withdrawn from the productive and other useful processes of industry and commerce and finance. That one fact has modified fundamentally our economic structure. A correlative fact is that the labor of another million and more is being diverted, with the needed material, from the making of things of peace to the making for the million soldiers of the things of war. All this means readjustment, a readjustment from a nation at peace to a nation at war, and in the readjustment there will be a great many dislocations. The dislocations will mean hardship and sacrifice. The pity, too, is that the burdens of the hardships and sacrifices are not, and can not be, evenly distributed. And before there can be business as usual there must be another readjustment, one from a nation at war to a nation at peace.

But, if business can not go on as usual there is, as a recent contributor to The Annalist pointed out, a very real sense in

which the patrons of business and people in business must go on as usual.

The patrons of business, consumers, must go on as usual, with "the unbeaten heart," calmly and confidently, neither wasting nor hysterically hoarding either money or food or other necessities.

The people in business must go on as usual, unafraid yet cautious in the presence of unknowable forces. They must go on with courage unabated, yet facing problems rendered more difficult by the war and realizing that the consumer's remainder, represented in our illustration by the ten-dollar gold piece, is not a fixed amount, but, as the cost of living rises, a decreasing amount. They must go on as usual, yet more considerately, less on the plan of what the traffic will bear, lest they provoke governmental regulation that will leave us at the end of the war, as Secretary Lane has warned, with a more socialistic state than most of us would like. They must go on wishing no business that is builded on the silliness of spending merely for the sake of business, wishing rather only that business which benefits a nation that has given itself in war for a great cause. The people in business must go on as usual, knowing that out of this war we shall get great compensations, besides the safety we seek for democracy. We shall get more of "national solidarity," greater efficiency, more self-respecting methods of personal expenditure, greater respect for economy and greater abhorrence of waste, greater spiritual insight. They must go on as usual, knowing that by reason of these compensations business in the time of peace ahead will go on not only as usual, but better than usual.

A RESERVE OF MAN-POWER FOR INDUSTRIES

AND FARMS

HONORABLE ISAAC D. STRAUS, STATE DIRECTOR BOYS' WORKING RESERVE

The United States Boys' Working Reserve is an enrolled army of patriotic volunteer youths between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one years, organized under the United States Department of Labor, to help the nation on the farm and in the factory to win the war. Every boy who is physically fit, who is of proper age, is eligible for this non-military civilian army.

Youth a Vital Factor. Never before has the youth of the nation had such opportunity to become a vital factor in national history. Every boy who loves his country should ask himself, "How can I best serve the nation in this war emergency?" He should realize that, having received untold benefits from the freest, best of governments on the earth, he holds his services in trust for the preservation of democracy upon which that government rests.

The youth who enrolls into the Reserve and works loyally and steadfastly at some activity which helps to win the war, is performing a service as patriotic as that of the soldier who fights in the trenches.

Although he may have to endure aching limbs and sore muscles in field and in factory, he will be happy in the consciousness that he has had a real part in the final victory. With true pride and satisfaction he will show in after years