they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of
law, or in the heads of departments....

This advice, how given, n. 178. "Treaties" defined, Id.
p. 175. "Nominate" and "appoint" defined, n. 179.
"Ambassadors," defined, notes 180, 181. The effect of
those laws, n. 182. Power of removal, n. 184. The tenure of
office bill, n. 184, p. 179. (See Civil Office.)

PRESIDENT of the United States. The President shall have power
to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess
of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall
expire at the end of their next session...

This power defined and discussed, notes 185, 186.
PRESIDENT of the United States. He shall, from time to time.
give to the Congress information of the state of the Union,
and recommend to their consideration such measures as
he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extra-
ordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of
them, and, in case of disagreement between them, with
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them
to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take
care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com-
mission all the officers of the United States...

Mode of giving information, n. 187. Extra sessions,
n. 188. Extent of the power to take care, n. 189. The
power to commission, n. 190.

PRESIDENT of the United States. The President, Vice-President,
and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed
from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors

History of the effort to impeach Président Johnson,
n. 194. Cannot be impeached for political offenses merely,
n. 194, pp. 187-189. President to assign district commanders
in the rebel States, n. 286, p. 282. §2. No execution with-
out the approval of, Id. § 3. Law passed over the Presi-
dent's veto, p. 283. Copies of Constitutions to be sent to
the President, p. 285, § 5.

PRESS. Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of
speech and of the press. Amendments...
Freedom defined, n. 246. Extent of the freedom of the

press, n. 247.

PRETENDED authority. Test oath in regard to it, n. 242, p. 251.
PRINCE. No person holding any office of profit or trust under the
United States, shall, without the consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State...
"Office" defined, n. 151. The inhibition does not
extend to private citizens, n. 151, p. 153.

PRINCIPAL officer. The President may require the opinion, in
writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive
departments.

These principal officers are now the Secretaries of State,
War, Navy, Interior, Treasury, the Postmaster-General,
and Attorney-General, n. 176.

PRIVATE property. Nor shall private property be taken for public
use, without just compensation. Amendments..

Private property defined. It includes all private
property. It limits the general government, not the
States. It is a great principle of universal application.
Public use defined, n. 258. The compensation must not be
doubtful, n. 59. The questions how considered. The
actual occupant of the public lands is entitled to compen-
sation, n. 59. Any destruction of property is included, n. 259.
PRIVILEGE of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public
safety may require it....

"Privilege" critically defined, notes 140, 220. It is the
right to ask for the writ, not to grant it, n. 140.

PRIVILEGED order would destroy our form of government, n. 150.
PRIVILEGED. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases,

except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privi-
leged from arrest during their attendance at the session of
their respective houses, and in going to and returning
from the same.

Privilege defined and discussed, n. 3. It is the privilege
of the house also, n. 55. It extends not only to arrests,
but the service of civil summons, n. 58. When it com-
mences, n. 59. To whom it extends, n. 60. And for how
long, n. 57.

PRIVILEGES And immunities. The citizens of each State shall be

entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens
in the several States...

4

2

1

88, 222

(See Citizens, n. 220.)
Privileges and immunities defined and discussed, n. 221.
They are in their nature fundamental, n. 221, p. 226.
Copied from the Articles of Confederation, Art. IV. p. 10.
The extent of the guaranty, n. 221, p. 226. Powers of
the State over the subject, Id. and n. 274. The exact ex-
tent defined, n. 222. The citizen cannot carry repugnant
laws into a State, n. 222, p. 229.

PROCEEDINGS. Each house may determine the rules of its pro-

ceedings

The object of the journal, n. 50.

PROCEEDINGS. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings. 1
PROCEEDINGS. Credit, proof, and effect of judicial proceedings of
States.

26,86
26, 87

4

Judicial proceedings defined, n. 218. The effect of judg-
ments. (See Judgment, notes 218, 219.)

PROCESS of law. Nor shall any person be deprived of life, liberty,
or property, without due process of law. Amendments..
Due process of law defined, n. 257. Copied from
Magna Charta, Id. The clause is a restraint upon every
department of the government, n. 257, p. 261.

PROCESS. In all criminal prosecutions the accused to have com-
pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor.
Amendments.

Compulsory process defined, n. 261.

PROCLAMATION. President Lincoln's, of April, 1861, in regard to
the war and blockade, n. 117. Suspending the writ of
habeas corpus, n. 141, p. 148. Proclaiming martial law,
Id. Declaring freedom to the slaves, n. 274, p. 278.
The effect of the emancipation proclamation upon notes
given for slaves, Id. When it took effect as to the siaves,
Id. The proclamation of the Queen of England acknowl-
edging the Confederates as belligerents, n 117. Of Presi-
dent Johnson as to the status of the Southern States,
notes 46, 274, 275, pp. 281, 282, Of William H. Seward, on
the 13th amendment, n. 274, p. 282. Proclamations ad-
mitting new States, n. 230, p. 287.

PROFIT. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend
farther than to removal from office, and disqualification to
hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under
the United States

This clause defined, n. 40.

PROFIT. No person holding an office of trust or profit under the
United States, shall be appointed an elector..
PROHIBITED POwers. The powers not delegated to the United
States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the
people. Amendments....

10

PROOF. Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in
which the acts, records, and judicial proceedings of States
shall be proved, and the effect thereof

The acts prescribed upon the subject, n. 219, pp. 218,
221, 222. Judicial proceedings proved by the attestation
of the clerk and certificate of the judge; legislative acts
by the seal of the State, n. 219, p. 218. The effect dis-
cussed, n. 219. What the judge must certify, n. 219,
p. 219. The validity. and effect defined, n. 219, p. 220. Re
cords not judicial, how proved, n. 219, p. 221, § 1. Law
extended to the territories, n. 219, p. 222, § 2.

PROPERTY of the United States. The Congress shall have power
to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations
respecting the territory, or other property belonging to
the United States.

Territory means property, n. 231, p. 238. Subject dis-
cussed, Id. Related to the territory then of the United
States, n. 231, p. 239. The Confederate States Constitu-
tion on the subject, n. 231, pp. 240, 241, § 2, 3. Property
defined, n. 232. Effect of the acquisition of territory
upon the inhabitants, n. 232.

PROPERTY or effects. The right of the people to be secure in their
effects against unreasonable searches or seizures shall not

be violated. Amendments.

4

44, 257

PROPERTY. Nor shall any person be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law. Amendments

(See Process of Law, n. 257.)

PROPERTY. Nor shall private property be taken for public use
without just compensation. Amendments..

Private property defined, n. 258. Relates to all property;
copied from Magna Charta, n. 258. Public use defined, Id.
p. 262. (See Just Compensation, n. 259.)

PROPOSE amendinents. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of
both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend-
ments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the
legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call
a convention for proposing amendinents, &c

All the amendments have been proposed to the legis-
latures, n. 236.

PROSECUTED. The judicial power of the United States shall not
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com-
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any
foreign State. Amendments..

Criminal.) Amendments...

The object of this amendment, notes. 270, 271, 272.
PROSECUTIONS. Criminal prosecutions against persons. (See

See the subject discussed, notes 260-262.

PROTECT the Constitution. The President of the United States
shall take an oath or affirmation to preserve, protect, and
defend the Constitution....

This constitutes him emphatically the protector of the
Constitution, n. 174. Protect is not in the test oath,
η. 242, p. 252.

The United States shall protect each State against in-
Invasion defined, notes 133, 234.

PROTECT.

vasion

of the Constitution, n. 174.

PROTECTOR. The President is the protector, guardian, and defender
PROVIDE for the common defense. The Constitution established
in order to provide for the common defense, &c. Pre-
amble...

22, 53

:

Common defense defined, n. 10. Omitted in the Confed-
erate States Constitution, n. 5. Discussed as a power, n. 79.
PUBLIC acts, records, and judicial proceedings of States, to have

full faith and credit, &c

4

1

88, 218

Public acts, records, and judicial proceedings defined,
n. 218. (See Judgments.)

Art. sec. cl.

PUBLIC danger. No State shall, without the consent of Congress,
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such immi-
nent danger as will not admit of delay....
See notes 162-164.

PUBLIC danger. (See War.) Amendments..

PUBLIC debt of the United States from the foundation of the gov-

ernment, n. 78, pp. 97-100.

PUBLIC debt. The validity of the, of the United States author-
ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pen-
sions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection
or rebellion, shal not be questioned. Amendments..... 14
This clause discussed, n. 282.

PUBLIC ministers. (See Appointments-Ambassadors.).

(See Ambassadors, Public Ministers, and Consuls,
defined, n. 185.)

PUBLIC ministers. The President shall receive ambassadors and

other public ministers
PUBLIC money. (See Money.)

PUBLIC safety. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall
not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or
invasion, the public safety may require it....

(See labeas Corpus, notes 140, 141, pp. 141-146.) When
the President need not obey a writ of habeas corpив,
n. 165.

called, n. $4.

PUBLIC securities. All debts of the United States may be so
PUBLIC trust. No religious test shall ever be required as a quali-
fication to any office or public trust under the United
States

PUBLIC use. Nor shall private property be taken for public use
without just compensation. Amendments....

"Public use" defined, n. 258, p. 262. (See "Private
Property," n. 258.) "Just Compensation" defined,n. 259.
The compensation must be in money-constitutional cur-
rency, n. 259.

PUBLISH. The journal of each house shall be published from
time to time, except such parts as may in their judgment
require secrecy

1

5

8

26,87

(See Journal.)

PUBLISHED. A regular statement and account of the receipts and
expenditures of all public money shall be published from

PUNISH. Each house of Congress may punish its members for

PUNISHMENT. Persons convicted on an impeachment shall, never-
theless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg-
ment, and punishment, according to law....

PUNISHMENT. Congress shall have power to provide for the pun-
ishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin
of the United States.

PUNISHMENT. The Congress shall have power to declare the pun-

The acts of Congress upon the subject, n. 217.
PUNISHMENTS. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Amendments..

Disfranchisement is not a cruel punishment, n. 266; nor
fine and imprisonment for a misdemeanor, Id. Cruel and
unusual not to be inflicted under the reconstruction laws,
n. 276, p. 282, § 4. Sentence of death not to be inflicted
without the approval of the President, Id.

8

8

2

38, 213

QUALIFICATIONS of a representative in Congress shall be 25 years
of age, seven years a citizen of the United States, and
when elected an inhabitant of the State he represents....
States cannot superadd qualifications, n. 19. Precedents
in regard to them, Id.

QUALIFICATIONS of a senator in Congress shall be 30 years of age,
nine years a citizen of the United States, and when elected
an inhabitant of the State he represents.....

QUALIFICATIONS to office. The senators and representatives be-
fore mentioned, and the members of the several State
legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of
the United States and of the several States, shall be bound
by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but
no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to
any office or public trust under the United States....
See notes 242, 245.

n. 276, p. 283, § 5.

QUALIFICATIONS of delegates in the reconstruction conventions,
QUALIFICATIONS for electors of representatives in Congress the
same as for electors of the most numerous branch of the
State legislature.

QUALIFICATIONS of its own members. Each house of Congress
shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifi-
cations of its own members...

Qualifications of senators and representatives discussed
and criticised, n. 46. The issues between the President
and Congress, upon the subject, n. 46. Of voters defined,
n. 16, p. 59. In every State of the Union alphabetically
arranged n. 17, pp. 60-65. Citizenship not necessary, n. 18,
p. 65. Of voters on the reconstruction laws, n. 276, p. 283,
§5. Supplementary act, p. 287, § 6.

QUALIFICATIONS of President United States. No person except a
natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at
the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eli-
gible to the office of President; neither shall any person
be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the
age of 35 years, and been fourteen years a resident within
the United States..

(See President, n. 169.)

QUALIFICATIONS of Vice-President the same as that of President

of the United States. Amendinents.

QUARTERED. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in
any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time
of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amend-
>ments..

Quartered defined, n. 250, p. 257. The owner defined,
Id. The Declaration of Independence upon, p. 4.

QUESTION. The yeas and nays of the members of either house
on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those
present, be entered on the journal.....

26, 87

QUESTION. On the question of adjournment of the two houses, the
approbation of the President is not necessary.
QUESTIONED. For any speech or debate in either house, they
shall not be questioned in any other place....
Transferred from Articles of Confederation, Art. V. p. 11.
QUESTIONED. The validity of the public debt of the United
States, &c., &c., shall not be questioned. Amendments... 14

1

1

(See Public Debt.)

QUORUM. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to
do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day
to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
absent members, in such manner, and under such penal-
ties as each house may provide

QUORUM of the House of Representatives. A quorum (for the
election of President by the House of Representatives)
shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of
the States, and a majority of all the States shall be neces-
sary to a choice. Amendments...