LESSON XL PERFECT SYSTEM OF SUM: ORDER OF WORDS THE PERFECT, PAST PERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF SUM 243. The verb sum is conjugated as follows in the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect of the indicative: a. The perfect stem of sum is fu-. VARIATION FROM THE NORMAL WORD ORDER 244. The normal order of a Latin sentence requires that the subject, with its modifiers, stand first, and that the verb, preceded by its modifiers, stand last. But the requirements of emphasis may change this order. Any word which is to be emphasized may stand in a different position in the sentence from that in which it would normally be placed. Cūr amicus tuus in silvā ambulat, why does your friend walk in the forest? Cur amicus tuus ambulat in silva, why does your friend walk in the forest? (rather than somewhere else.) The fact that the form of a Latin word shows what its relation is to other words makes possible a much freer But arrangement in Latin than in English. If the subject is to be made emphatic, it may be placed last instead of first. the fact that any word is put in an unusual position means that one or more of the other words in the sentence will be crowded out of the normal position. Sometimes the normal order is changed merely for the sake of variety. 246. 1. Ubi hi pueri fuerunt? 2. Hoc oppidum quattuor portās habet. 3. In illō locō multās hōrās fuerāmus. 4. Socii nostri in magnō periculo fuerint. 5. Cūr auxilium meum postulavisti? 6. Beneficia tua magna fuērunt. 7. Amīcum meum vulnerāvērunt barbari. 8. Semper grata sunt beneficia amīcōrum. 9. Lēgātus gladium postulat. 10. Portās oppidi nunc videō. 247. 1. I have always been your friend. 2. We have been in the forest many hours. 3. The slaves will have been free for five years. 4. Why have you demanded our help? 5. My friend was wounded by the barbarians in that battle. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. What is the perfect stem of sum? 2. Give the third person plural of sum in all the tenses of the indicative. 3. Conjugate sum in the imperfect and in the past perfect indicative. 4. Give the third person singular of terreō in the perfect, past perfect, and future perfect indicative active, and translate each form. 5. What is the meaning of portière? SEVENTH REVIEW LESSON REVIEW TOPICS 248. (1) Possessive adjectives. (2) The future indicative of the first and second conjugations. (3) The future indicative of sum. (7) The past perfect indicative active. (10) The substantive use of adjectives. (11) The perfect, past perfect, and future perfect of sum. (12) Variation from the normal word order. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN 249. Define the following English words and give Latin words with which they are connected in derivation: LESSON XLI PERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE THE PERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF PORTŌ AND MONEŌ 250. The perfect indicative passive is not formed by adding personal endings to a stem, as are all the other tenses given thus far. Instead, the past passive participle is used with the present tense of the verb sum. Two separate words are used to represent each person and number. The perfect indicative passive of portō and moneō is as follows: Singular portātus sum, I was carried or I have been carried portātus es, you were carried or you have been carried portātus est, he was carried or he has been carried Plural portāti sumus, we were carried or we have been carried portāti estis, you were carried or you have been carried portati sunt, they were carried or they have been carried Singular monitus sum, I was warned or I have been warned monitus es, you were warned or you have been warned monitus est, he was warned or he has been warned Plural moniti sumus, we were warned or we have been warned moniti estis, you were warned or you have been warned moniti sunt, they were warned or they have been warned a. The forms of this tense are translated more fre quently by the English past tense, I was carried, etc., than by the present perfect. b. The participle used in forming this tense agrees with the subject in gender and number. |