276.

VOCABULARY

audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, hear

impedimentum, -i, N., hindrance; pl., baggage1

muniō, -ire, -īvi, -ītum, fortify sonus, -ī, M., sound

tuba, -ae, F., trumpet

inter, prep. with acc., be- venio, -īre, vēni, ventum.

277. 1. Sonum tubārum audiō. 2. Galli hodiē castra mūniunt. 3. Lēgātus cum oppidānīs venit. 4. Sonus tubae ā nostrīs auditur. 5. Ille locus hodiē ā Gallīs mūnītur. 6. Castra inter silvam et oppidum videō. 7. Lēgātus impedimenta in castrīs relinquit. 8. Nostrae copiae a virō clārō ducuntur. 9. Quis cum amīcō tuo venit? 10. Quid puer in silvā vīdit? 11. Ab his pueris audimur sed nōn vidēmur.

278. 1. Our men are fortifying this town. 2. The boys and girls are coming from the villages. 3. We hear the sound of carts and horses in the street. 4. The boys were standing between the wall and the ditch. 5. Why does not the lieutenant leave the baggage in the town?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. What is the termination of the present active infinitive of the fourth conjugation? 2. Conjugate veniō in the present indicative active. 3. Give the third person singular of dūcō and muniō in the present indicative passive. 4. What is the case of quid in sentence 10, section 277? 5. Conjugate veniō in the perfect indicative active. 6. Explain the meaning and derivation of intervene.

1 The word "baggage" is sometimes used in referring to warfare in ancient times to include military equipment, provisions, etc., conveyed in wagons or carts or by pack animals.

LESSON XLVII

ABLATIVE OF MEANS

THE ABLATIVE WITHOUT A PREPOSITION

279. The ablative has been used thus far only as the object of a preposition. But it has certain uses in which no Latin preposition is employed. When thus used, the Latin word in the ablative will be translated by an English prepositional phrase.

THE ABLATIVE OF MEANS

280. A word which is used to denote the means employed in accomplishing an act is put in the ablative without a preposition. This is called the Ablative of Means. The English phrase used to translate the ablative of means has either the preposition by or with.

· Puer saxō vulnerātus est, the boy was wounded by the stone. Galli gladiis pugnant, the Gauls fight with swords.

In these two sentences the words saxō and gladiis denote the means employed in doing the acts expressed by the verbs.

THREE USES OF THE ABLATIVE CONTRASTED

281. The use explained above must be distinguished from the ablative of agent, which denotes the person by whom an act is done, and which always takes the preposition ā or ab. It must also be distinguished from the ablative of accompaniment, which denotes the person with whom one is associated in doing something, and which takes cum. Thus, the sentence He was hurt by a falling timber contains an expression of means, and will have no preposition in Latin, while the sentence He was helped by his brother contains an expression of agency (the person acting) and requires a preposition, à or ab, in Latin. In like manner, in the sentence He was tied with a rope, the phrase with a rope

denotes means, and will have no preposition in Latin, while in the sentence He lives with his grandfather, the phrase with his grandfather denotes association with a person (accompaniment) and will take the preposition cum in Latin.

condemnō, -åre, -āvī, -ātum, interdum, adv., sometimes

283. 1. Hic vir amīcum suum sagittā vulnerāvit. 2. Lēgātus barbarum gladio necāvit. 3. Pueri interdum saxis pugnant. 4. Id factum a viris bonis condemnatur. 5. Galli cum Germānīs bella bis gesserunt. 6. In eō angulō Italiae domicilium meum habeo. 7. Feminae ex oppidō sonum proelii audiunt. 8. Bellum in Gallia à Germānīs geritur. 9. Condemnāmus; habēmus; mittimus; venimus.

284. 1. The barbarian was killed by a stone. 2. This man wounded the sailor with his sword. 3. That town has been fortified by a high wall. 4. The sound of weapons is heard by the women in the town. 5. Sometimes I walked in the forest with my friend.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. In what important respect does the ablative of means differ from the ablatives which have been used previously? 2. What two English prepositions are used in expressions of means? 3. Name two different kinds of phrases in which the preposition by may be used. 4. Name two different kinds of phrases employing with. 5. Point out an ablative of means and an ablative of agent in the sentences of 283. 6. What is a triangle?

LESSON XLVIII

THE IMPERFECT OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH
CONJUGATIONS: THE ENCLITIC -QUE

THE IMPERFECT OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

285. 1. The tense sign of the imperfect indicative in the third and fourth conjugations is -bā-, as in the first and second conjugations. The imperfect indicative of duco is formed exactly like the same tense of moneō. Verbs of the fourth conjugation have iẽ before the tense sign.

2. The imperfect indicative of duco and audio is as follows:

286. There are certain words in Latin which are added as final syllables to other words. They are called Enclitics. An important enclitic is -que, meaning and. It is sometimes used instead of et to join words which are closely connected in thought or in use. It is always translated before the word to which it is joined. Thus pueri puellaeque, the boys and girls.

288. 1. Socii nostri castra vallō cingebant. 2. Agricolae ex agris cum carris et equis veniebant. 3. Cōpiae nostrae ā Mārcō dūcēbantur. 4. Sonus armōrum ex oppido audiēbātur. 5. Virī fēminaeque nunc periculum vident. 6. Librum meum in viā āmīsī. 7. Ille puer vidit repperitque librum tuum. 8. Tum ad terminum campī veniēbāmus. 9. Bellum in Gallia octō annōs gestum est. 10. Terminus viae ex hoc loco videtur.

289. 1. The lieutenant was leading large forces from the town to the camp. 2. War was then being waged in Gaul by the Germans. 3. The slave was coming from the field with his master. 4. The large town was being fortified with a rampart and a ditch. 5. Marcus is censured because he often loses his books.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Conjugate mittō and veniō in the imperfect indicative, active voice. 2. Give the future active participle of gerō. 3. What is an enclitic? 4. What is the rule for the position of the enclitic -que? 5. Explain the case of vallō in sentence 1 and of Marco in sentence 3, section 288. 6. Give an English verb which is connected in derivation with terminus.