THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 24. There are certain English adjectives with which we commonly use a phrase with to. Such are the adjectives kind, friendly, pleasing, dear, useful, and some others. Thus, He is kind to his sister. You are friendly to everybody. The news was not pleasing to me. With Latin adjectives which have the same meaning as the English adjectives given above, the dative is used, and no separate word for to is employed. PHRASES WITH TO DENOTING PLACE TO WHICH 25. English phrases with to are sometimes used to denote the place toward which someone or something moves. Thus, He has gone to Europe. I walked to the station. Such phrases are not translated into Latin by the dative. They may easily be distinguished from the phrases given in section 23. Their use will be explained later. THE ABLATIVE 26. Latin prepositions which mean from, with, and in take their objects in the ablative case. There are also certain uses of the ablative without a preposition which will be explained later. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. Write an English sentence containing an indirect object. 2. Write an English sentence containing a noun phrase with to which is the equivalent of an indirect object. 3. Write an English sentence containing a phrase with to which depends upon an adjective. 4. Write an English sentence containing a phrase of the kind described in section 25. 5. In these sentences which you have written, point out the words which would stand in the dative if put into Latin. 6. Point out the direct objects in the sentences which you have written. 7. Point out the subjects of these sentences. LESSON V DECLENSION OF ROSA: THE ARTICLE THE DECLENSION OF ROSA 27. The declension of the noun rosa is as follows: The following sentences illustrate the uses of the Latin cases: The rose (rosa) is beautiful. The fragrance of the rose (rosae) is delightful. The sunshine has given color to the rose (rosae). The girl is carrying a rose (rosam). The dew is on the rose (in rosā). The roses (rosae) are beautiful. The fragrance of the roses (rosārum) is delightful. The dew is on the roses (in rosīs). 28. VOCABULARY epistula, letter nauta, sailor rosa, rose 1 THE ARTICLE 29. Latin has no word for the definite article the or for the indefinite article a or an. These words must be supplied when necessary in translating. Thus rosa may be translated, rose, a rose, or the rose, as the sense of the sentence requires. IDENTICAL FORMS OF CASES 30. The genitive singular, the dative singular, and the nominative plural of rosa are spelled alike. Also the dative plural and the ablative plural have the same forms. It will usually be possible to tell from the rest of the sentence 'what case a doubtful form really is. THE FORM OF THE ABLATIVE 31. The ablative singular is to be distinguished from the nominative singular by the fact that the final a of the ablative is long (ā), while the final a of the nominative is short. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. Decline in the singular all the words ending in a in the list of Latin words in section 5. 2. Decline victoria in the plural. 3. Decline in the singular and plural the word nauta, giving the meaning of each form. 4. Decline in the singular and plural epistula, giving the meaning of each form. 5. Tell what is the case and number of each of the following forms: custōdiam, industriā, victōriās, nautārum, temperantia. 6. Name two or more cases in which the following forms might be found: éloquentiae (singular number), nautīs, victōriae, rosis, silvae. 7. Give the Latin equivalents of the following phrases: of the sailor, of the sailors, of the forest, to the sailor (indirect object), of victory, of victories, innocence (as direct object), sailors (as direct object), of the roses, sailors (as indirect object). ROMAN JAVELINS LESSON VI CASE ENDINGS: PREPOSITIONS THE FIVE DECLENSIONS 32. There are five declensions of Latin nouns. In Latin dictionaries and vocabularies the genitive singular, or its case ending, is given after the nominative to indicate the declension to which a noun belongs. The genitive singular ending of the first declension is -ae. THE FIRST DECLENSION 33. All nouns of the first declension are declined like rosa. The case endings in the first declension are as follows: a. The part of a noun to which the terminations are added and which is not changed in declension, is called the Base. The base of rosa is ros-. The base of a noun is found by dropping the ending of the genitive singular. LATIN PREPOSITIONS 34. Three important Latin prepositions are as follows: ă, ab, from, by in, in, on a. The two forms a and ab have the same meaning. Before all words which begin with a vowel or h, ab must be used; before most words which begin with a consonant ā is used. b. These three prepositions have their objects in the ablative case. THE USE OF A OR AB 35. The preposition à or ab means by only when the object refers to a person, and when the prepositional phrase is used to denote the person by whom some act is said to be done. Thus, The letter was written by my brother. The phrase by my brother will be translated by a with its object in the ablative. THE USE OF CUM 36. A very common use of the ablative with cum is found in phrases which denote the person with whom another person is associated in doing something. Thus, I was walking with a friend. THE USE OF IN 37. Latin phrases consisting of in and the ablative case tell where some act occurs or where something is, as in the English phrases in the forest, on the table. 0000 ROMAN GEMS SUGGESTED DRILL 1. How many declensions are there in Latin? 2. Which case ending is used to indicate the declension to which a noun belongs? 3. What is the ending of the genitive singular in the first declension? 4. Give the case endings of the first declension in all the cases, singular and plural. 5. Give three Latin prepositions which have their objects in the ablative. 6. Write the Latin phrase for by the sailor in the sentence The woman was rescued by the sailor. 7. Write the Latin phrase for with the sailors in the sentence The captain has gone on board with the sailors. 8. Decline the noun silva. 9. Give the Latin phrases which mean in the forest, in the forests. |