a. In the singular, mille, thousand, is an indeclinable adjective. In the plural it is a neuter noun of the third declension, with the forms milia, mīlium, mīlibus, etc. Instead of saying five thousand men, as we do in English, the Latin said five thousands of men, quinque mīlia hominum, expressing the word for men as a genitive of the whole. Many miles is in Latin multa milia passuum, many thousands of paces, and passuum, like hominum above, is a genitive of the whole, while mīlia stands in whatever case the sense of the sentence requires. 392. 1. Galli Romānōs virtute non praecēdēbant. 2. Finēs Helvētiōrum multa milia passuum patēbant. 3. Castra Germānōrum a Rōmānīs ea nocte circumventa sunt. 4. Dux ejus exercitus erat hostis populi Rōmāni. 5. Marcus frātrem suum eloquentia praecessit. 6. Hodie octō mīlia passuum ambulavimus, et dēfessī sumus. 7. Dux barbarōrum magnum scūtum gerēbat et sẽ gladiō defendebat. 8. Puer in itinere canebat quod laetus erat. 9. Hostes omnia oppida nostra incenderunt. 10. Nihil in agris relictum est. 1 393. 1. We do not surpass our fathers in courage. 2. This forest extends many miles. 3. This boy is the leader of a large number of boys. 4. We were in great danger because our city had been surrounded by the army of the enemy. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. Point out an example of the ablative of respect in the sentences of section 392. 2. Give the rule for expressions of extent in space. 3. Explain the use of the numeral mille. 4. What is the Latin equivalent for mile? for many miles? 5. From what Latin noun is virtus derived? What literal meaning for virtus does this derivation suggest? LESSON LXVIII THE RELATIVE PRONOUN USE OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 394. The English relative pronoun is who, which, that, or what. The Latin relative pronoun will be translated by whichever of these the sense of the sentence requires. It is to be distinguished from the interrogative pronoun by the fact that it is used to connect a subordinate clause to some noun or pronoun in a main clause, while an interrogative pronoun introduces a question. Thus, in the sentence The man who lives in this house is my uncle the clause who lives in this house is connected with man by who, which is therefore a relative pronoun. The noun or pronoun to which the subordinate clause is connected by the relative pronoun is the antecedent of the relative. DECLENSION OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 395. The forms of the Latin relative pronoun are as follows: Singular Plural AGREEMENT OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 396. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case depends on its use in its own clause. Homo quem vidēs amicus meus est, the man whom you see is my friend. a. The genitives cujus, quōrum, and quarum are translated whose or of whom as the sense of the sentence requires. 397. VOCABULARY civis, civis, -ium, M., citizen dēpellō, -ere, dēpulī, dēpul sum, ward off provincia, -ae, F., province qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which, that, what manus, -ūs, F., hand; band sinister, -tra, -trum, left, 398. 1. Praemia lēgātō qui oppidum defendit dabuntur. 2. Cīvēs quōs defendisti semper tē laudābunt. 3. Pīla scūtō quod gerō depellentur. 4. Hic miles in proeliō manum sinistram āmīsit. 5. Pueri quōrum pater in bello interfectus est amīcī mei sunt. 6. Ei duces, qui magnam manum militum conduxerant, bellum gerere cupiebant. 7. Rōmānī multās provincias habebant. 8. Gallia erat provincia Rōmāna. 9. Multi cīvēs Rōmānī tēcta et agrōs in Gallia habēbant. 10. Pater meus domicilium in ea urbe habet quam vidēs. 399. 1. The letter which you sent was not seen by my brother. 2. The soldier who threw this javelin has been wounded. 3. The soldiers by whom the town is defended are brave. 4. The boy has already walked many miles. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. Give the nominative singular of the relative pronoun in all genders. 2. Give the nominative singular of the interrogative pronoun in the masculine and the neuter. 3. In what kind of clause is the relative pronoun used? 4. Explain the case of quos in sentence 2, section 398. 5. What is manual labor? 400. There are three degrees of comparison, the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. In English most adjectives form the comparative by adding -er to the positive degree, and the superlative by adding -est. Thus, brave, braver,, bravest. Some adjectives instead of adding -er and est have more placed before the positive for the comparative and most for the superlative. Thus, beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful. FORMATION OF THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE IN LATIN 401. In Latin the nominative of the comparative regularly ends in -ior for the masculine and feminine and -ius for the neuter. The superlative regularly ends in -issimus (-issima, -issimum). These endings (-ior, -ius, -issimus, etc.) replace the genitive ending of the positive degree. 402. The comparatives are third declension adjectives of two endings and are declined as follows: contrā, prep. with acc., impediō, -ire, -ivi, -itum, against dexter, dextra, dextrum, right, right-hand hasta, -ae, F., spear hinder legō, -ere, lēgī, lēctum, read lībertās, -tātis, F., liberty, freedom piscis, piscis, -ium, M., fish |