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النشر الإلكتروني

EXERCISES

449. 1. Hic agricola semper bene arat, et multum frumentum habebit. 2. Hoc bellum ab illō lēgātō male gestum est. 3. In loco magis idōneō castra pōnēmus. 4. Minus saepe ad me scribis quam ego ad tē (scrībō). 5. Tempestātēs in Ōceanō magnae et periculosae sunt. 6. Exercitus hostium propius vēnit et mox erit proelium. 7. Socii Rōmānōrum in periculo erant; itaque Caesar auxilium misit. 8. Māter abest et pueri in viā lūdunt. 9. Semper inter nōs Gallōsque fuit pāx. 10. Rōma erat maxima et pulcherrima urbs totius Italiae.

450. 1. This place is the most suitable for the camp (dative). 2. Why do you not write to me more often? 3. I have received one letter from you this year. 4. The river is not far distant from this place. 5. We shall very easily defeat the Gauls, and we shall seize their lands (agrōs).

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. What adverbs are sometimes used in the comparison of adjectives? 2. Compare idoneus. 3. What is the tense of vēnit in sentence 6, section 449. 4. Conjugate absum in the imperfect indicative. 5. What is the meaning of benefactor? From what two Latin words is it derived?

LESSON LXXVIII

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

USE OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

451. The English present active participle ends in -ing. Thus, The boy wearing a gray coat is my brother. In this sentence wearing is a present active participle, telling something about the noun boy.

There is also a present passive participle in English. Thus, The ship now being built is very large. In this sentence being built is a present passive participle. Latin has a present active participle, but no present passive participle.

The use of the present active participle as a modifier of a noun must not be confused with the progressive form of the verb (section 127). In the sentence The man is standing on the wall the expression is standing is the progressive form of the verb, and will be translated by one Latin word. In the sentence The man standing on the wall is a soldier, the word standing is a participle, modifying man.

FORMATION OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

452. The present active participle of a Latin verb ends in -ns, and is formed on the present stem. Its formation in

the regular verbs of the four conjugations is as follows:

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DECLENSION OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

453. Like the other participles, the present participle agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun or pronoun which it modifies. It is declined as an adjective of the third declension with the stem ending in -nt.

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455. 1. Accūsāns; implōrāns; mūnientēs; jacientēs; dūcentēs. 2. Vōcēs captīvōrum auxilium implōrantium audiēbantur. 3. Nostri in hostes collem ascendentes impetum acriter fēcērunt. 4. Novum ducem dēligēmus et cum reliquis cohortibus prōcēdēmus. 5. Lēgātus Romānus à Gallis in proelio interfectus est. 6. Tum consul hoc responsum hostibus patriae dedit: "Vōs nōn timeō, et patriam meam semper defendam." 7. Gladiī mīlitum Rōmānōrum breviōrēs erant quam gladii Gallōrum. 8. Multi nostrum (section 369) Rōmam numquam viderunt, sed nōmen ejus saepe audivimus. 9. Gallus ex castris excēdēns ā centuriōne visus est.

456. 1. The fleeing soldier was wounded by an arrow. 2. The boy wandering in the forest saw a large animal. 3. The enemy made an attack on the cohort fortifying the camp. 4. An arrow wounded the soldier advancing from the camp. 5. The voices of the soldiers coming with the baggage were heard by the enemy.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. In what does the nominative singular of the present participle end? 2. On what stem is it formed? 3. Give the present participles of implōrō, scrībō, cupiō, and mūniō, with English meanings. 4. Explain the case of implōrantium in sentence 2, section 455. 5. Give the ablative singular of brevis. 6. What is vocal music?

LESSON LXXIX

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

THE INDEPENDENT PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

457. A phrase consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle is sometimes used in a sentence without being closely connected with any other word in the sentence. Thus, A new leader having been chosen, we may expect better results. In this sentence the phrase a new leader having been chosen is not directly connected with any word in the rest of the sentence. Such a phrase is said to be independent of the rest of the sentence.

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

458. The case which is used in Latin for such independent constructions is the ablative. In the sentence given above as an example the word for leader would be put in the ablative in Latin and the participle for having been chosen would agree with it in gender, number, and case. This use of the ablative is called the Ablative Absolute.

Duce captō hostės fūgērunt, the leader having been captured, the enemy fled.

Filiis meis laudātis laetus sum, my sons having been praised, I am happy.

a. The participle used in agreement with the noun or pronoun of the ablative absolute may be the past participle, as in the sentences which have been given, or it may be the present participle.

Barbaris procedentibus nostri arma parābant, the barbarians advancing, our men prepared arms.

b. The participle of the ablative absolute is past to denote an act taking place before the time of the verb of the clause, but present to denote an act taking place at the same time as that of the verb.

459. Often an adjective or another noun is used instead of a participle as the second part of the ablative absolute construction.

Amicō meō invitō diūtius nōn manēbō, my friend (being) unwilling, I shall not remain longer.

Caesare duce militēs semper fortiter pugnābant, Caesar (being) leader, the soldiers always fought bravely.

a. The participle being, which is often used in translating an ablative absolute of which the second part is an adjective or a noun, has no equivalent in Latin.

b. The original force of the ablative in this construction may be seen if these phrases are translated with the preposition with.

duce captō, with the leader captured

filiis meis laudātīs, with my sons praised

barbaris prōcēdentibus, with the barbarians advancing
amico meō invito, with my friend unwilling
Caesare duce, with Caesar (as) leader

FREE TRANSLATION OF THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

460. In English, independent phrases which correspond to the literal translation of the ablative absolute are not very often used. It is, therefore, frequently necessary to translate the ablative absolute by a clause introduced by when, after, if, since, or although, as the sense of the main clause may suggest.

Monte occupātō, when the mountain had been seized.
Duce captō, after the leader had been captured.

a. Various prepositional phrases, also, may be employed in translating this ablative.

Gallis invitis, against the will of the Gauls.
Caesare consule, in the consulship of Caesar.

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