462. 1. Eā epistulā acceptā Caesar bellum gerere parābat. 2. Duce interfectō mīlitēs repulsi sunt. 3. Cōnsiliō hostium cognitō nostri castra mūnīvērunt. 4. Nunc agricolae in agrīs arāre incipiunt. 5. Centuriōne praemissō imperātor in castrīs manēbat. 6. Caesare invītō Helvetii per prōvinciam iter nōn fēcērunt. 7. Labiēnō duce cohortes collem ascendent. 8. Nūbēs sunt gravēs, et tempestās appropinquat. 9. Hostes tēla in (upon) milites castra defendentēs jēcērunt. 10. In hoc loco diutius manere cupimus.

463. 1. After Labienus had been sent ahead (see section 460), Caesar advanced with the remaining legions. 2. With Caesar as leader the soldiers fought bravely. 3. When the king had been killed (not a clause in Latin), the enemy fled. 4. When the danger was seen, all hastened into the city. 5. The enemy having been repulsed, the city is now safe.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Translate the examples of the ablative absolute in section 462 literally, then suggest clauses which are equivalent to these literal translations. 2. Name four different uses of the ablative. 3. Explain the form défendentes in sentence 9, section 462. 4. Give the present active and the past passive participles of mittō. 5. Give the genitive plural of gravis. 6. What is meant by "a grave danger"?

LESSON LXXX

THE FIFTH DECLENSION: SYNONYMS

THE FIFTH DECLENSION

464. The genitive singular of the fifth declension ends in -ēi (after a consonant -ei). The nominative singular ends in -ēs.

a. Dies is sometimes masculine and sometimes feminine in the singular, but always masculine in the plural. The other nouns of this declension are feminine (except one compound of dies).

b. Only dies and res are declined in full. Other nouns of this declension lack some or all of the plural forms.

THE FIVE DECLENSIONS

465. The genitive singular endings of the five declensions, as we have seen, are as follows:

466. Words which may have the same or nearly the same meaning are called Synonyms. Thus, the adjectives courageous and brave are synonyms. A word which may sometimes be a synonym of another, may also have some ·

uses in which it differs from that other word. Thus car sometimes is used to mean automobile, but it also has other uses. Often one language will have several synonyms to express an idea for which another language has only one word. In the vocabulary following, invenio is a synonym of reperiō, but sometimes invenio means find accidentally while reperiō may express or suggest the idea find by seeking.

1 The word state as used to translate civitas means a country or region under one gov. ernment, such as Spain, Italy, etc.

RELATED ENGLISH WORDS

constitution

current

invention

EXERCISES

468. 1. Hic est primus dies annī novi. 2. Multas et pulchrās rēs hodiē in urbe vīdi. 3. Liber quem in via invēnisti est meus. 4. Equus in via currebat quod magnopere

territus erat. 5. Pater meus tectum novum in hoc locō aedificăre constituit. 6. Cīvitās nostra semper libera fuit et regem habere non cupimus. 7. Equitātū praemissō legiōnēs in castris eo die mansērunt. 8. Hac re cognitā omnes in oppido terrebantur. 9. Hōc responsō acceptō Caesar bellum gerere statim constituit. 10. Nāvēs nostrae multās nāvēs hostium in proeliō dēlēvērunt. 11. Cūr nōbiscum bellum gerere constituistis?

469. 1. The camp had been in this place for many days (section 233). 2. We have decided to choose a new commander at once. 3. Our cavalry are brave, and they have good horses. 4. The state of the Helvetians was not large, but the Helvetians often defeated the Germans. 5. On hearing the sound of battle (the sound of battle having been heard), the lieutenant at once sent the legions and the cavalry.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. What is the ending of the genitive singular of the fifth declension? of the fourth declension? 2. What is the difference between the genitive singular of dies and of res? 3. What is the gender of most nouns of the fifth declension? 4. What are synonyms? 5. Give two English words which are synonyms, other than the examples given in the lesson. 6. What is meant by the phrase sine die?

FIFTEENTH REVIEW LESSON

REVIEW TOPICS

470. (1) Irregular comparison of adjectives.
(2) Adjectives with the genitive in -īus.
(3) The genitive of description.
(4) The ablative of description.
(5) Formation of adverbs.
(6) Comparison of adverbs.
(7) The present participle.

(8) The ablative absolute.

(9) The fifth declension.

471. Define the following English words and give Latin words with which they are connected in derivation:

For words which have not previously occurred, see Final Vocabulary.

Urbs in qua pater meus habitat est in rīpā magnī flūminis. Saepe nāvēs in hōc flumine videntur, quae à terris externis vēnērunt. Est portus bonus in quō nāvēs tūtae a tempestatibus sunt. Saepe hās nāvēs video, et ipse in terras externās ire1 cupiō. Sed pater meus mē expectāre jubet. Is cum mātre mea in Italia et Hispania et Gallia fuit. Ego mox juvenis ero atque tum has terras pulchras et clārās vidēbō.

1 to go.