492. 1. To defend; to be defended; to have defended. 2. To hinder; to be hindered; to have been hindered. 3. To have seen; to have invited; to have left. 4. To send; to be about to send; to be about to be sent. 5. To have given; to have increased; to have helped. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. On which stem of the verb is each of the infinitives formed? 2. Point out the difference between the past passive and the future active infinitives. 3. Explain the forms of the infinitives of deponent verbs. 4. What is the termination of the perfect active infinitive? 5. How does the present passive infinitive of the third conjugation differ from that of other conjugations? 6. From what Latin words is devastation derived? LESSON LXXXV QUOTATIONS: INDIRECT DISCOURSE DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUOTATIONS 493. 1. A direct quotation is one which repeats the exact words of the speaker. Thus, He said, "I will come." 2. An indirect quotation is one which repeats the thought but not the exact words of the original speaker. In English an indirect quotation is often introduced by the conjunction that. Thus, He said that he would come. a. Sometimes no conjunction is used. Thus, He said he would come. INDIRECT QUOTATIONS IN LATIN 494. In Latin, a simple sentence when used in an indirect quotation has its verb in the infinitive and its subject in the accusative. No conjunction is used to introduce indirect quotations in Latin. Dicit puerum in silvā ambulāre, he says that the boy is walking in the forest. INDIRECT DISCOURSE 495. The name Indirect Discourse is given to the use of the infinitive with subject accusative in indirect quotations, and also to certain other expressions which are not exactly quotations. In such sentences as I heard that you had received a letter, and Everyone thought that the day would be pleasant, the clauses introduced by that take the same form in Latin as the indirect quotations given above. That is, their verbs will be infinitives and their subjects will stand in the accusative. Indirect discourse is used with verbs of saying, hearing, knowing, thinking, believing, seeing, and the like. Crēdō tē librum meum habēre, I believe (that) you have my book. a. A predicate noun or adjective used with an infinitive in indirect discourse is in the accusative, to agree with the subject. Arbitrāmur ducem nostrum fortem esse, we think (that) our leader is brave. agō, agere, ēgi, āctum, drive, do arbitror, -ārī, arbitrātus sum, think migrō, -ārē, -āvī, -ātum, migrate praeda, ae, F., booty, spoil crédō, -dere, -didī, -ditum, uxor, -ōris, F., wife 497. 1. Nuntius dicit hostes nunc castra mūnīre. 2. Helvētii ex finibus suis migrant. 3. Caesar credit Helvētiōs ex finibus suis migrare. 4. Omnis praeda hujus oppidi est nostra. 5. Militēs arbitrantur omnem praedam hujus oppidi esse suam. 6. Barbari per vias urbis captīvōs agunt. 7. Vidēmus barbarōs per vias urbis captīvōs agere. 8. Imperātor epistulam ex castris ad uxorem suam misit. 9. Legiōnēs ex provincia egressae in fines hostium quinque diebus pervēnērunt. 10. Caesar arbitratur hanc legionem fortissimam esse. 11. Centuriō dicit mīlitēs collem ascendere. 498. 1. Caesar thinks that the Helvetians are laying waste the lands (fields) of his allies. 2. Our allies say that their lands are being laid waste by the Helvetians. 3. We believe that the army is defending the town bravely. 4. All say that the army is led by a brave general. 5. The messenger says that our men are defeating the enemy. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. What is the difference between a direct and an indirect quotation? 2. What conjunction is frequently used in English to introduce an indirect quotation? 3. What is the rule for the use of the verb and its subject in a simple sentence in an indirect quotation in Latin? 4. With what classes of verbs is indirect discourse used? 5. What is the case of a predicate noun or adjective with an infinitive in indirect discourse? 6. What English noun is derived from the present participle of agō? imperator, -ōris, M. liberi, -ōrum, M. lingua, -ae, F. praeda, -ae, F. rēs, rei, F. respōnsum, -Ï, N. rīpa, -ae, F. Rōma, -ae, F. uxor, -ōris, F. vulnus, vulneris, N. vōx, vōcis, F. armātus, -a, -um brevis, -e constituō, -stituere, -stitui, -stitūtum currō, -ere, cucurri, cursum migrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum polliceor, -ēri, pollicitus sum praemittō, -mittere, -mīsi, -missum reddō, -dere, -didi, -ditum servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum vereor, -ērī, veritus sum gravis, -e idōneus, -a, -um invītus, -a, -um ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum 500. BARBARĪ ET PATRĒS NOSTRI For words which have not previously occurred, see Final Vocabulary, page 303. Ōlim in multis partibus patriae nostrae erant magnae silvae. Per has silvās ferae bēstiae errabant. Barbari quoque in his silvīs habitābant, et saepe sagittis animālia necăbant. Patrēs nostrī qui in hanc terram vēnērunt cum barbarīs pugnabant et denique eōs vicerunt. Tum barbarī in alias partēs migrāvērunt, ubi nunc habitant. In multis locis illae silvae caesae sunt, et nunc tēcta agricolārum et urbes et oppida videntur ubi ōlim erant barbari et ferae bestiae. 233 |