LESSON CIV CORRELATIVES 601. Words are sometimes used in pairs with special meanings. Such pairs of words are called Correlatives. Generally these correlatives consist of repetitions of the same word. The following are important correlative conjunctions: Et fortis et benignus est, he is both brave and kind. Neque fortis neque benignus est, he is neither brave nor a. When not correlative, neque is translated nor or and not as has previously been seen (554, a). 602. There are certain correlative uses of some of the adjectives given in section 425. Alius fortiter pugnat, alius fugit, one fights bravely, another flees. Alter ex Hispāniā, alter ex Hiberniā vēnit, the one came from Spain, the other from Ireland. a. Alius. alius refer to persons or things belonging to an indefinite number. Alter . . . alter indicate that only two persons or things are thought of. b. When not used as a correlative, one is to be translated by ūnus. When used as a correlative it is to be translated by alius or alter as the rest of the sentence requires. 603. Correlatives are not always repeated forms of the same word. They are sometimes adjectives or adverbs, the second of which serves to connect a subordinate clause to a principal clause. Glōria ejus non tanta est quantam semper voluit, his fame is not as great as he has always wished. a. The gender, number, and case of any form of tantus or, quantus are determined by the noun or pronoun, expressed or implied, which it modifies. b. When not used as correlatives tantus means so great and quantus how great. 604. Sometimes each part of a correlative combination consists of two words. nōn sōlum . .•. sed etiam, not only . . . but also. Cicero, Ciceronis, M., Cicero, majōrēs, majōrum, M. pl., a famous Roman orator discēdō, -cēdere, -cessi, -ces sum, withdraw, depart etiam, adv., even, also loquor, loqui, locutus sum, talk ancestors ōrātiō, -ōnis, F., oration EXERCISES 606. 1. Cicero erat non solum ōrator clarus sed etiam civis bonus. 2. Ōrātiōnēs ejus etiam temporibus nostris leguntur et laudantur. 3. Majōrēs nostrī qui hanc civitātem condiderunt et fortes et sapientes erant. 4. Neque puer neque pater ejus discessit. 5. Aut patriam nostram defendēmus aut pro ea moriemur. 6. Alius pugnare vult, alius salutem fuga petit. 7. Alterum laudāmus, alterum accūsāmus. 8. Alii ex urbe expellentur, alii interficientur. 9. Gallia, ut Caesar dicit, est omnis divisa in partēs trēs. 10. Saepe cum patre tuo de his rebus locutus sum. 11. Postquam Caesar hoc responsum dedit, lēgātī discesserunt. 12. Numquam antea tantus numerus hostium hoc flumen transiit quantum nunc in Gallia esse videmus. 607. 1. The river which separates Gaul from the Germans is both deep and wide. 2. Neither Spain nor Italy is more beautiful than our native country. 3. One tries to flee, another defends himself. 4. Some are crossing the river, others are ascending the hill. 5. The one returned, the other was never seen again. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. Give examples of English correlatives. 2. What is the difference between alius . . . alius, and alter alter? 3. Explain the use of tantus when used as a correlative, and when used without quantus. 4. What determines the gender, number, and case of tantus and quantus? 5. Give the Latin cardinal numerals for three, thirteen, and thirty. 6. What is an alternative? COLUMN OF MARCUS AURELIUS LESSON CV THE GERUND MEANING OF THE GERUND 608. Frequently a word which is used to name an act stands as the subject of a clause, or is employed in some other of the constructions of nouns. Thus, Traveling in this region is pleasant. He is fond of walking. Nouns of this kind ending in -ing are called Gerunds. In the sentences given above traveling and walking are gerunds. DECLENSION OF THE GERUND 609. The Latin gerund is declined as a neuter noun of the second declension. Its only forms are the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative of the singular number. The nominative is supplied by the infinitive. The gerunds of the four conjugations are declined as follows: a. The gerund of capio is declined like the gerund of audio. USE OF THE GERUND 610. (1) The genitive of the gerund is used chiefly with adjectives or nouns denoting action or feeling. With the ablative causā it expresses purpose. cupidus audiendi, desirous of hearing. resistendi causā, for the sake (purpose) of resisting. 1 The infinitive is also used as subject in indirect discourse. a. The ablative causā, meaning for the sake of or for the purpose of, always stands after the genitive which depends upon it. b. The genitive of the gerund may govern a direct object: urbem videndi, of seeing the city. (2) The dative of the gerund is little used. (3) The accusative of the gerund is frequently used as the object of the preposition ad to express purpose: ad oppugnandum, for attacking, to attack. (4) The ablative may be used to express means or cause, or as the object of the prepositions ab, dē, ex, or in: pugnando, by fighting; in agendō, in acting (i.e., in action). 612. 1. Is rēx cupidus bellandi erat, sed culpam in (on) aliōs conferre (lay) cōnābātur. 2. Spem amīcōs iterum videndi nōn habēbam. 3. Lēgātī pacem petendi causā vēnerant. 4. In quaerendo (on inquiring) Caesar repperit arma tradita esse. 5. Helvetii omnia ad discēdendum parāverant. 6. Et templa deōrum et tecta civium ab illis hostibus incēnsa sunt. 7. Ubi exercitus consulis ad urbem accessit, multi clam discedere cōnātī sunt. 8. Multi juvenes quotannis ad laborandum in hanc terram veniunt. 9. Alii pacis cupidī |