sunt, alii bellum gerere volunt. 10. Alter saepe in urbe nostra fuit, alterum numquam antea vidimus.

613. 1. We have taken arms for the purpose of resisting. 2. These young men are not desirous of withdrawing. 3. The enemy had prepared everything for making an attack (for attacking). 4. You cannot avoid danger by fleeing. 5. That nation was neither faithful nor honorable. 6. Both the senate and the people wish to send Caesar into Gaul.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the gerunds of laudo, habee, and fugio. 2. Decline the gerund of descendō. 3. Give the synopsis of quaero in the third person singular, active and passive, indicative mood. 4. Give examples of Latin correlatives. 5. Point out correlative words in the sentences of section 613. 6. What is the meaning of inquisitive? of exquisite? of requisition?

TWENTIETH REVIEW LESSON

PUER QUI MENTİRİ NÖN POTERAT

For words which have not previously occurred, see Final Vocabulary.

615. Ōlim vir quidam filiō suō parvam securem dedit. Puer propter hoc dōnum laetus erat. In hortō erat arbor quae patri magnopere placebat. Hanc arborem puer secure cecidit. Pater īrātus erat, sed puer dixit: "Mentiri, pater, nōn possum; secure meā parvā arborem cecidi." Tum pater filiō ignōvit1 quod is nōn mentitus erat, et eum laudavit. Quis erat hic puer parvus?

QUO MODO PUERİ IN BELLŌ AUXILIUM TULĒRUNT

For words which have not previously occurred, see Final Vocabulary.

616. Patria nostra magnum bellum gerebat et multi juvenēs qui in agris labōrāverant in exercitu erant. Itaque agricolae auxilium postulāvērunt. Multi pueri ex urbibus in agrōs missi sunt et agricolas juvare cōnāti sunt. Inter hōs erat puer ex urbe nostra. Is numquam antea vaccam aut ovem viderat, quod semper in urbe habitaverat. Propter inscientiam multa errata commisit, sed agricola in cujus agris labōrabat, quod homo benignus erat, nōn saepe eum accũsavit. Is puer in eundem locum postea rediit quod agricola esse cupiebat.

1 From ignosco.

2

APPENDIX

THE DERIVATION OF LATIN WORDS

617. Many Latin words are derived from other Latin words by the use of syllables or letters placed at the beginning or at the end of these words. A syllable placed at the beginning of a word is called a Prefix; a syllable placed at the end is called a Suffix. Words formed with a particular prefix or suffix regularly have special meanings given them by the prefix or suffix with which they are formed. But occasionally changes of meaning take place, so that it is not always easy to see the relation between the meaning of a word and that of the word from which it is derived.

The use of some of the most important prefixes and suffixes is as follows:

(1) Nouns ending in -tor (occasionally -sor) indicate the person who does the act expressed by the verb from which they are derived: victor, a conqueror, from vincō.

a. Such nouns may be formed from moneō, capiō,

dūcō, audiō, and many other verbs.

There

b. These nouns in -tor and -sor are masculine. is a corresponding feminine form, ending in -trix: victrix, adiūtrix, administrātrīx.

(2) Names of qualities are formed from adjective stems, with the endings -tās and -tūdō, and from adjective or noun stems with the ending -tūs. These nouns are all feminine:

libertās, freedom, from liber.

magnitudo, greatness, from magnus.
virtūs, manliness, courage, from vir.

260

a. Nouns with the ending -tās may be formed from gravis, heavy, levis, light, nobilis, well-known, noble. Some of these words came to be used as collective nouns, indicating a group of persons possessing the quality named: nōbilitas, originally celebrity, came to mean the prominent persons of a state.

b. Nouns with the ending -tūdō may be formed from lātus, broad, altus, high, fortis, brave.

c. Other nouns formed like virtūs are servitūs, slavery, from servus; senectus, old age, from senex (old).

(3) Nouns formed with the ending -lus (-ulus, -ellus, -illus) are diminutives; that is, they indicate a small object. The ending is really an adjective ending, but most of the words thus derived have come to be used as nouns:

filiolus, a little son, from filius.

rēgulus, a petty king, chieftain from rex (stem rēg-).

a. Nouns ending in -r change the final r to 1 when -lus is added: libellus, a little book, from liber; agellus, a little field, from ager.

(4) Adjectives ending in -ōsus are formed from nouns, and mean full of or abounding in that which is named by the nouns from which they are derived:

periculosus, full of danger, dangerous, from periculum. annōsus, full of years, aged, from annus.

a. An adjective meaning abounding in space may be derived from spatium.

(5) Adjectives ending in -ilis, -ālis, -ārius, are formed from nouns and mean, originally, belonging to, connected with, etc., that which is denoted by the noun from which they are derived.

hostilis, hostile, from hostis.

mortālis, mortal, from mors.
legiōnārius, legionary, from legiō.