(6) There are also certain syllables used as prefixes with special meanings.

a. The syllable re- or red- means back or again:
redire, to come back. rescribere, to write in reply.

b. Sometimes the prefix seems to have lost its force, leaving no appreciable difference between the simple verb and the derivative: manēre, remanēre.

(7) The syllable in- prefixed to adjectives means not: injūstus, not just.

indignus, not worthy.

a. In English derivatives from these words the prefix usually becomes un-: unjust, uncommon. But sometimes it keeps its original form: incapable, incorrect.

b. The Latin preposition in, meaning in, on, or against, used to form compound verbs, is a different word.

(8) The syllable per- used with adjectives and adverbs

means very:

perfacilis, very easy.
permulti, very many.

a. per when used with verbs means through or else serves to emphasize the meaning of the verb:

perrumpere, to break through.
perfrui, to enjoy thoroughly.

(9) The syllable dis- or di- used with verbs means apart: discedere, to go apart.

dimittere, to send apart or away.

(10) Most prepositions are used as prefixes to form compound verbs, usually with their original meaning. Sometimes, however, they serve merely to emphasize.

ēducere, to lead out.

trānseō, to go across.

THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH WORDS

FROM LATIN

TERMINATIONS DERIVED FROM LATIN

618. As has already been stated (Lesson I), certain changes in spelling have occurred in many of the Latin words which have been taken into English. These changes in many instances have affected the endings and have given us English terminations which appear in a large number of words of different groups. These English terminations are not derived from the nominative ending of the Latin word, but for convenience the Latin nominative is given in the lists of words which follow, to indicate the general classes to which the nouns belong. Some of the most important of these terminations are as follows:

NOUN ENDINGS

(1) -ty from -tās (gen. -tātis)

liberty from libertās; dignity from dignitas; humanity from hūmānitās.

(2) -y, -ce, -cy from -ia or -tia.

victory from victoria; infamy from infamia; temperance from temperantia; eloquence from eloquentia; constancy from constantia; frequency from frequentia.

a. Some words ending in -y or -e are derived from words in -ium: subsidy from subsidium; study from studium; vestige from vestigium; edifice from aedificium.

(3) -tude from -tūdō (gen. -tüdinis).

multitude from multitudō, altitude from altitūdō.

(4) -tor from -tor (gen. -tōris).

The words orator, victor, dictator, etc., have the same form in Latin as in English.

(5) -ion from -iō (gen. -iōnis).

nation from natiō; occasion from occasiō; station from statiō.

(6) -ure from -ūra.

nature from natūra; stature from statura; culture from cultura.

(7) -ment from -mentum.

ornament from ōrnāmentum; document from documentum; monument from monumentum.

ADJECTIVE ENDINGS

(8) -il, -ile from -ilis.

civil from civilis; hostile from hostilis; servile from servilis. (9) -al from -ālis.

immortal from immortalis; mural from mūrālis; triumphal from triumphālis.

(10) -ar from -āris.

consular from consulāris; familiar from familiāris; singular from singulāris.

(11) -ary from -ārius.

legionary from legiōnārius; mercenary from mercēnārius; necessary from necessārius.

(12) -ose, -ous from -ōsus.

bellicose from bellicōsus; copious from copiōsus; seditious from sēditiōsus.

(13) -an (-ane) from -ānus.

Roman from Rōmānus; veteran from veterānus; human (also humane) from humānus.

(14) id from -idus.

horrid from horridus; frigid from frigidus; pallid from pallidus.

(15) -ent from -ēns (gen. -entis).

frequent from frequens; patient from patiens; innocent from innocēns; silent from silēns.

a. These Latin forms in -ēns are mainly participles.

(16) -ior (-or) from -ior.

exterior, interior, junior, senior, superior, inferior, major, minor. These are comparative adjectives, and are taken from Latin without change of form.

VERB ENDING

(17) -ate from participial forms in -ātum.

create from creo (creātum); demonstrate from dēmonstrō .(dēmōnstrātum); migrate from migrō (migrātum); narrate from narrō (nārrātum).

NOTE. Some English words which are formed with the endings given above are not derived directly from the Latin forms which they most closely resemble. When these endings had come to be used extensively in English, they were sometimes employed in the formation of new words from other English words. But the endings were originally derived from the Latin.

PREFIXES

619. The use of Latin prepositions as prefixes in the formation of other words is very important. Many words formed with these prefixes have been taken into English, and the prefixes are sometimes used with English words to form new words. The spelling of these prepositions was sometimes changed because of the first letter of the word with which they were used. Thus adficio, from ad and faciō became afficio, hence we have affect from the past participle affectus. In like manner occur is derived from occurrō, which is the compound of ob and currō. The most important prepositions used as prefixes in English derivatives are the following:

(1) ā, ab (abs), away from, from.

avert, absent.

(2) ad (sometimes becoming ac, af, ag, al, ap, ar), to. adhere, acquire, affable, aggression, allusion, approve, arrogant.

(3) ante, before.

antecedent.

(4) circum, around.

circumnavigate.

(5) cum, as a prefix appearing as com (sometimes becoming con, col, cor, co), with.

composition, contract, collect, correct, coöperate.

(6) contră, against.

contradict.

(7) dẻ, from, down, about.

depend, decline, describe.

(8) ex, ē, out, out of, from. expose, elect, evade.

(9) extră, beyond.

extraordinary, extradition.

(10) in (sometimes becoming il, im, ir), in, into. invade, illusion, immigrant, irrigate.

(11) inter, intro, between, among.

intervene, intermission, introduction.

(12) ob (sometimes becoming oc, of, op), against. observe, occur, offer, oppress.

(13) per, through.

pervade, perforate.

(14) post, after.

postpone, postscript.

(15) prae (in English derivatives regularly pre), before.

prefix, predict, precede.

(16) prō, before, for, in favor of.

proceed, profess.

(17) sub (sometimes becoming suc, suf, sup); under. submit, succeed, suffer, support.

(18) super, above.

superintend, superfluous.

(19) trāns (sometimes becoming tra), beyond.

transport, transition, traverse.