619. In addition to the prepositions which have been given above, there are a few Latin prefixes which are never used as separate words. The most important of these are the following:

(1) di-, dis-, apart, not.

distract, dissimilar, discontent.

(2) in- (a different word from the preposition), not. inevitable, incompetent.

(3) re-, red, back, again.

retract, redemption.

(4) sē, apart.

secede, seclude.

FAMILIAR LATIN PHRASES

The following list of phrases includes quotations from Latin which are frequently found in English literature, and also a number of mottoes and phrases which are in common

use:

Ad astra per aspera, To the stars through difficulties (motto of Kansas).

Ad utrumque parātus, Prepared for either event.

Alter ego est amicus, A friend is one's second self.

Auri sacra famēs, Accursed greed for gold.

Ē plūribus ūnum, One (formed) from many (motto of the United States).

Ex animo, Sincerely.

Esse quam vidērī, To be rather than to seem.

Fata viam invenient, The fates will find a way.

Fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt, Men usually believe willingly that which they wish.

Fiat lux, Let there be light.

Fiat iustitia, Let justice be done.

Fortēs fortuna iuvat, Fortune favors the brave.

Homō sum, humānī nihil ā mē aliēnum putō, I am a man,

and

I regard nothing as foreign to me which has to do with humanity.

Horribile dictu, Horrible to relate.

In hoc signō vincēs, In this sign you shall conquer.
Labōrāre est ōrāre, To labor is to pray.

Labor omnia vincit, Toil conquers all things.

Mēns sāna in corpore sānō, A sound mind in a sound body. Mēns sibi conscia rēctī, A mind conscious in itself (to itself) of right.

Mirabile dictu, Wonderful to say.

Montānī semper liberi, Mountaineers are. always freemen (motto of West Virginia).

Nōn progredi est regredi Not to go forward is to go backward. Non sibi sed omnibus, Not for one's self but for all.

Pāce tua, With your permission.

Possunt quia posse videntur, They can because they think they can.

Quod erat dēmōnstrandum (abbr. Q. E. D.), Which was to be proved.

Semper parātus, Always ready.

Sic itur ad astra, Thus one rises to fame (to the stars).
Sic semper tyrannis, Ever thus to tyrants (motto of Virginia).
Sic transit glōria mundi, Thus passes away the glory of the
world.

Sine die, Without a day (said of an assembly which adjourns without a date fixed for meeting again).

Tempora mutantur et nōs mūtāmur in illīs, The times change and we change with them (in them).

Vincit qui patitur, He conquers who endures.

Vincit qui se vincit, He conquers who conquers himself.

VOCABULARY FOR ORAL EXERCISES

621. The following vocabulary of grammatical terms, together with a few additional words, is given for the convenience of teachers who may wish to use Latin in giving directions for the work of the class room.

NOTE.-The vocative singular of -us nouns ends in -e:

amice.

NOTE. Some masculine and feminine nouns have a nominative ending -s. If the stem ends in -c or -g, the combination of the final -c or -g of the stem with -s gives -x: dux, nominative from the stem duc-; lex, nominative from the stem lēg-. If the stem ends in -d or -t the final consonant is dropped before -s: laus, nominative from the stem laud-. If the vowel i stands before the final consonant of the stem it is frequently changed to e in the nominative: princeps, nominative from the stem princip-; miles, nominative from the stem milit-.

Nouns with stems ending in -tr have the nominative ending in -ter: frater from the stem fratr-; māter from the stem mātr.

Nouns with stems ending in -din and -gin replace -in of the stem by -ō in the nominative: virgo from the stem virgin-; multitūdō from the stem multitudin-. The nominative homō is formed by replacing -in of the stem in the same

manner.