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النشر الإلكتروني

CLASSES OF -ER NOUNS

63. The nouns puer and ager differ in declension only in the fact that puer seems to add to the nominative the case endings of all the other cases, while ager drops the e of the nominative before the case endings of the other cases. When a new word is given in the vocabulary, the genitive will be given, as well as the nominative, to show whether it is declined like puer or ager.

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65. 1. In agrō; cum puerō; dominōrum; agrōrum; ā dominō; cum nautā. 2. Agrōs laudāmus. 3. Agrōs dominī laudāmus. 4. Verba puerī nōn laudāmus. 5. Puerōs laudō.

66. 1. With the master; of the boy; in the fields; with the boys; by the boy. 2. I do not praise the boy. 3. You (singular) do not praise the boys. 4. He does not praise the master.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. What are the endings of the nominative of masculine nouns in the second declension? 2. What is the difference between the declension of puer and of ager? 3. In what cases of the plural do the endings of masculine nouns differ from those of the neuter? 4. Give the ending of the genitive plural of the first declension and of the second declension. 5. Give the ending of the accusative plural of the first declension and of masculine nouns of the second declension. 6. Give all the endings of masculine nouns of the second declension.

LESSON XI

SUBJECT OF THE VERB: ORDER OF WORDS

VERBS WITH THE SUBJECT EXPRESSED

67. In the Latin sentences which have been given thus far, the subjects of the verbs have been indicated only by the endings. Thus laudat has been translated he (or she) praises, and laudant has been translated they praise. But these forms may have nouns in the nominative case as subjects. Puer laudat means the boy praises, Pueri laudant means the boys praise. The pronouns he, she, it, or they are supplied only when no noun (or pronoun) is used as subject.

AGREEMENT OF THE VERB

68. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. Puer laudat; pueri laudant.

POSITION OF THE VERB

69. In Latin the verb regularly stands at the end of the sentence. There are certain variations from this rule, but for the present it will be better to follow this order in writing Latin exercises. Thus, in the sentence The boy loves his friends, the Latin order would be, The boy his friends loves. In English we distinguish the subject from the object by its position. But since the Latin has a different case form for the subject and the object (except in neuter nouns), the order might differ greatly from that which we use, and still the sense would be clear.

The order of words in modern European languages also differs from the English order. For instance, the verb is sometimes put after the object as in Latin.

POSITION OF THE GENITIVE

70. The genitive commonly stands after the noun it modifies, unless it is to be made especially emphatic or prominent. Thus,

in the phrase, the boy's father, the word for boy's will be placed after the word for father. This order is followed also in English if a phrase with of is used, as in the expression the father of the boy, but the position of the Latin genitive is the same, whether it is to be represented in English by boy's or of the boy.

EXERCISES

71. 1. Dominus puerum laudat. 2. Puer dominum laudat. 3. Pueri dominum non laudant. 4. Domini pueros laudant. 5. Puer rosam portat. 6. Nauta epistulam dat. 7. Puer victoriam nautarum laudat. 8. Nauta epistulas puerōrum portat. 9. Dominus consilia nautae non laudat.

72. 1. The boy praises the temple.

2. The master praises

the boy's plan. 3. The sailor does not praise the boy. 4. The

sailor carries the master's letter.

5. The boy carries the sailor's letters. 6. The boys give roses.

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SUGGESTED DRILL

1. What is the ending of the verb in the third person of the present indicative active I when the subject is a noun in the singular number? when it is a noun in the plural? 2. When will the pronouns he, she, it, they be supplied in translation? 3. What is regularly the position of the verb in a Latin sentence? 4. How do we distinguish the subject from the object in English? How in Latin? 5. Point out the objects in the sentences of section 72.

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ROMAN MIRROR

LESSON XII

THE SECOND DECLENSION (Continued): POSITION OF
THE DATIVE

DECLENSION OF VIR

73. There is one noun of the second declension which ends in -ir. It is declined as follows:

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a.

A few compounds of vir are declined in the same way.

POSITION OF THE DATIVE

74. When a sentence has both a direct and an indirect object, the indirect commonly stands before the direct. Thus, in the sentence The boy gives his friend a pencil, the Latin order would be The boy his friend a pencil gives. The fact that the case forms of the words boy, friend, and pencil show which is subject, which is indirect object, and which is direct object, makes the meaning of the sentence clear.

When the dative is used with adjectives it commonly stands before the adjective, unless especially emphasized. Thus in the expression my country, dear to me the Latin order would be my country, to me dear.

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5. Vir rosam feminae laudat. 6. Puer in agrō dominī ambulat. 7. Avaritiam non laudāmus. 8. Feminae nautis rosās dant. 9. Dominus virō epistulas dat. 10. Feminae avāritiam dominī nōn laudant.

77. 1. The man praises the temples. 2. The woman walks with the boy. 3. The boys give roses to the woman. 4. The woman gives the boy a rose. 5. The man gives the boy's letter to the woman. 6. The men walk in the forest. 7. The boy walks with the woman.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Conjugate ambulō in the present indicative active. 2. Decline femina. 3. Decline puer. 4. Point out the datives in section 76. 5. Point out an indirect object and a phrase equivalent to an indirect object in section 77. 6. What is the position of the genitive when not emphatic? Of the dative?

ROMAN TOOLS

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