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النشر الإلكتروني

LESSON XIII

ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS IN THE PREDICATE

PREDICATE ADJECTIVES

78. In English, the forms of the verb to be are often followed by an adjective which describes the subject of the verb. Thus The man is tall. The adjective tall describes man, which is the subject of the verb is. An adjective which is thus connected with its noun by a form of the verb to be is called a Predicate Adjective.

PREDICATE NOUNS

79. Often the forms of to be are followed by a noun (or pronoun) instead of an adjective. Thus, The man is a sailor. A noun used in this way is called a Predicate Noun. The predicate noun denotes the same person or thing as the subject.

CASE OF THE PREDICATE NOUN

80. The predicate noun is put in the nominative case. Since English and most other modern languages do not have different forms of nouns for the object and subject, the importance of distinguishing between the predicate noun and the object is not always realized. But one who does not recognize this difference will be unable to understand the use of our pronoun forms in such sentences as It is I (not me); it is he (not him). A correct use of who and whom is also made easier by an understanding of the distinction between the predicate noun and the object.

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82. 1. Vir nauta est. 2. Puer non servus est. 3. Fēmina filia nautae est. 4. Amicus nautae silvam amat. 5. Filiae nautae feminam amant. 6. Vir non dominus servi est. 7. Servus epistulam domini portat. 8. Servus epistulam dominō dat. 9. Servi in agrō cum amico domini ambulant. 10. Servi dominum nōn amant.

83. 1. The man is not a slave. 2. The man praises the slave. 3. The man gives the slave a letter. 4. The boy is not a friend of the sailor. 5. The master's daughter walks in the forest. 6. The sailor is not a friend of the boy. 7. We walk in the fields with the boy's friend.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. What is a predicate adjective? 2. Form an English sentence containing a predicate adjective. 3. Form an English sentence containing a predicate noun; a predicate pronoun. 4. Form an English sentence containing a direct object. 5. Tell what would be the case in Latin of each noun in the last two of these sentences which you have formed. 6. Point out the predicate nouns and also the objects in the sentences of section 83. 7. What is meant by a servile manner?

LESSON XIV

THE VERB SUM

CONJUGATION OF SUM

84. In Latin, as in modern languages, the verb which means to be is irregular. It can not be said to belong to any one of the four conjugations. The personal endings, however, are the same as those of the regular verbs. In the first person singular of the present indicative the ending is -m, instead of -ō. The infinitive is esse, to be.

THE PRESENT INDICATIVE OF SUM

85. The present indicative is as follows:

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86. The forms of the verb sum often stand at the end of the sentence, like other verbs, but sometimes they are placed before the predicate noun or adjective. Thus, we may write Vir nauta est or Vir est nauta.

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EXERCISES

88. 1. Equi in agrō sunt. 2. Puer librōs portat. 3. Nautae aurum portant. 4. Femina in via stat. 5. Amicus pueri in insula habitat. 6. Amicus virī es. 7. Amīcī virōrum sumus. 8. Equi in silvā stant. 9. In via cum amicis sum. 10. Dominus servōrum nōn es. 12. Servus in silvā habitat.

11. Templum in însula est.

89. 1. The boys stand in the street. 2. The sailor's daughter carries a book. 3. The man praises the book. 4. We do not live on an island. 5. We are friends of the boy. 6. The boys are friends of the sailor. 7. The gold is in the temple.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the infinitives of amō, ambulō, and sum, together with the meaning of each. 2. Decline liber. 3. Decline aurum in the singular. 4. Decline via. 5. Give the third person plural of stō and of sum with the meaning of each. 6. Point out the ablatives in section 88. 7. Point out the phrases in section 89 which will be translated into Latin by the genitive. 8. What is meant by auriferous rock?

LESSON XV

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES

THE AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES

90. In Latin, and also in many modern languages, adjectives as well as nouns have different forms to show gender, number, and case. Thus, the form of the word which means good has a different ending when it describes a masculine noun from that which is used when it describes a feminine or neuter noun. Such languages as French and Spanish have adjective forms in different genders, although they are not inflectional languages (section 17). An adjective is said to agree with a noun in gender or number or case when it is put in the same gender or number or case as the noun.

AGREEMENT IN GENDER, NUMBER, AND CASE

91. In Latin, adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. A predicate adjective (section 78) agrees with the subject.

ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS

92. A great many Latin adjectives are declined in part like nouns of the second declension and in part like nouns of the first declension. The masculine and neuter forms are in the second declension, and the feminine forms are in the first declension. Adjectives of this class having the masculine ending in-us are declined as follows:

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93.

a. The case endings of this adjective are the same as the endings which have been seen in the declension of the nouns dominus, rosa, and templum, sections 61, 27, 56.

bonus, -a, -um, good

VOCABULARY

magnus, -a, -um, large, great

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