a. liberty miserable sacred In liber, book, the vowel of the first syllable is short, while in liber, free, it is long. EXERCISES 104. 1. Pueri miserī sunt. 2. Femina est pulchra. 3. Est templum sacrum in silvā. 4. Sunt multi equi in īnsulā. 5. Servi nōn liberi sunt. 6. Fēmina misera in templō est. 7. Filia domini non est pulchra. 8. In templo sacrō statis. 9. Filia viri librum bonum portat. 10. Equōs bonōs amō. 11. Puer amīcus bonus virī est. 12. Puer amicus viri boni est. 105. 1. There is danger in the forest. 2. The woman is free. 3. The temples are sacred. 4. The islands are beautiful. 5. The unhappy man lives on a beautiful island. 6. The beautiful rose is pleasing to the woman. 7. There is a large forest on the island. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. Decline together servus miser. 2. Explain the difference between the declension of miser and pulcher. 3. What are the two uses of the English word there? 4. Form sentences illustrating each of these two uses. 5. Decline liber. 6. How is the word for book distinguished from the adjective meaning free? 7. Change the subjects of sentences 2 and 3 of section 104 to the plural, making such other changes as are required by the rules of agreement. 8. From what Latin words are librarian and liberal derived? LESSON XVIII DECLENSION OF POSSESSIVES: FIRST DECLENSION POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 106. The Latin words which mean my, your, and our are adjectives and are made to agree in gender, number, and case with the word denoting the thing possessed. Thus, rosa mea, my rose, libér meus, my book, consilium meum, my plan. They are declined throughout like the adjectives which have been given in sections 92 and 101. TUUS AND VESTER 107. There are two words for your, a different word being used when one person is addressed from that which is used when more than one person is meant. Thus, in speaking to a father or mother we should say, filia tua, your daughter, but in speaking to the father and mother together we should say, filia vestra. In like manner, victōria tua, your victory, will be said to one person, and victōria vestra to two or more persons who have together won a victory. Similarly, in older English thy and thine were used when one person was meant, and your when more than one was meant. But in modern times, your has come to be used for both singular and plural. Modern European languages still have different words for the singular and the plural meanings of your, but their use is not quite the same as the use of tuus and vester in Latin. MASCULINE NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION 108. It has already been stated (section 54) that almost all nouns of the first declension are feminine, even though they refer to things without life, as for example, rosa, silva, victōria. But there are a few nouns in this declension which from their meaning naturally denote men, and these are masculine. The word nauta, which has already been given, is of this class, and also the words agricola, farmer, and poeta, poet. No other masculine nouns of the first declension are given in this book. The adjectives used with these nouns will, of course, be masculine, and hence the adjectives and nouns will have different endings. The phrase meaning the good sailor is declined as follows: 110. 1. Agricola benignus puerum laudat. 2. Amicus meus poētam amat. 3. Filia tua in viā stat. 4. Consilium vestrum nōn bonum est. 5. Amicus noster benignus est. 6. Amicus tuus poētam bonum laudat. 7. Multi agricolae equōs vestrōs laudant. 8. Servus librōs meōs portat. 9. Filiae tuae cum filia agricolae ambulant. 111. 1. My horse is in the field. 2. Our books are good. 3. The poet praises your (said to one person) rose. 4. The good sailor gives the boy a letter. 5. Your (said to more than one person) friend loves the kind farmer. 6. The poet walks in the forest with the master. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. What determines the gender, number, and case of the Latin words for my, your, and our? 2. Decline meus. 3. What is the difference between the use of tuus and vester? 4. What is the word which corresponds to tuus in older English? Find an example in some book which you have read. 5. Decline the words for the unhappy poet. 6. Decline the words which mean our friend. LESSON XIX APPOSITIVES: CONJUNCTIONS APPOSITION 112. Sometimes two nouns, or a pronoun and a noun, denoting the same person or thing are put side by side, without a verb being used to connect them. The second is used to explain the first by making known some fact or by telling more definitely who or what is meant. Thus, A boy, a friend of my brother, is visiting at my home. The word friend denotes the same person ás boy, and serves to make known a fact regarding the boy. A noun used in this way is called an Appositive, and is said to be in Apposition with the word which it explains. In the sentence above, friend is in apposition with boy. CASE OF APPOSITIVES 113. A noun in apposition is put in the same case as the word which it explains. Thus, in the sentence I gave the book to Mary, your sister, the word sister is in apposition with Mary, and would stand in the dative case in Latin, because Mary would stand in the dative as an indirect object. |