LESSON XXVI THE DEMONSTRATIVE IS USE OF IS AS AN ADJECTIVE 157. In addition to the demonstratives hic and ille, there is a third demonstrative, is, translated this or that, as the sense of the sentence in which it stands may require. It does not emphasize the idea that the thing to which it refers is near, as does hic, or that it is remote, as does ille. Usually it refers to something which has been recently mentioned. Amicus ejus pueri, the friend of this (or that) boy. In ea insulă, on this (or that) island. USE OF IS AS A PRONOUN 158. In the examples which have been given above the forms of is have been used in agreement with nouns. When used in this way is is a demonstrative adjective. But sometimes the forms of is are used without nouns. They are then personal pronouns of the third person and are translated he, she, it (genitive his, her, hers, its, or of him, of her, of it, accusative him, her, it, etc.), plural they (genitive their, theirs or of them, accusative them) according to the gender and number of the antecedent. Eum videbam, I saw him. Amicus ejus benignus est, his (or her) friend is kind. 160. 1. Is puer est amicus meus. 2. Ea pictūra pulchra saepe laudatur. 3. Servus nōn labōrat et dominus eum accusat. 4. Quod filia nautae semper benigna est, eam amīcī nostri amant. 5. Hae feminae timent quod filiae in periculō sunt. 6. Femina saepe his puerīs dōna dat, et ab eis amātur. 7. Hi viri prō patria fortiter pugnant, et eōs laudāmus. 8. Quod hic puer semper bonus est, amicus clarus meus ei dōnum dat. 9. Hic agricola barbam longam habet. 161. 1. This poet is a distinguished man and his books are praised. 2. The boys and girls love him because he is kind. 3. Their friends live in the small town. 4. The boy gives him. a letter. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. Point out those forms of is which are used as adjectives and those which are used as pronouns in section 160. 2. Explain the case of pueris and of eis in sentence 6, section 160. 3. Decline together id dōnum. 4. Give the genitive singular of the three demonstratives hic, ille, is. 5. Give the accusative singular of the phrase poēta clārus. 6. What English verb is connected in derivation with dōnum? LESSON XXVII ACCUSATIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS 162. All prepositions which have been used thus far have their objects in the ablative. But there are many prepositions which have their objects in the accusative. Almost all the prepositions which are to be given from this point on in this book take the accusative as object. PLACE TO WHICH 163. We have seen that English phrases with to which are equivalent to the indirect object or which are used to modify certain adjectives are translated by the dative, and that to in such phrases is not translated by a Latin preposition. But when the phrase with to denotes the place to or toward which someone or something moves, the preposition ad or in is used, with its object in the accusative case. I walk to the forest is Ad silvam ambulō. THE ACCUSATIVE AND THE ABLATIVE WITH IN 164. With its object in the ablative, in means in or on. With its object in the accusative it commonly means into. Thus, Puer in silvā ambulat, the boy walks in the forest; Puer in silvam ambulat, the boy walks into the forest.. 166. 1. Aquila ad silvam volat. 2. Est magnus campus ante oppidum. 3. Vir in oppidum properat. 4. Puer in periculo est, sed ab amicis juvātur. 5. Propter verba tua perīculum timēmus. 6. Arma per viās ā pueris portantur. 7. Ex oppidō ad castra properāmus. 8. Eum juvāmus quod semper benignus est. 9. Eōs timemus quod barbari sunt. 10. Femina timet quod puerī in silvā errant. 11. Filius tuus in silvam properat. 167. 1. The temple is in front of the town. 2. The boy and his friend walk into the forest. 3. We do not often walk in the forest. 4. The girls carry roses through the streets of the town. 5. Many women are unhappy on account of this war. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. What two cases are used with prepositions in Latin? 2. What case is used as the object of prepositions in phrases denoting place from which? in phrases denoting place to which? 3. When are phrases with to translated by the dative? 4. Explain the difference between the use of in with the accusative and with the ablative. 5. What are some English words in which the Latin preposition ante is found? LESSON XXVIII LATIN TENSES: IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE TENSE IN THE INDICATIVE 168. The Latin verb, like the English verb, has six tenses in the indicative. In English the tense names are present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. In Latin the tense names are present, imperfect, future, perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. The imperfect and the perfect are not quite the same in meaning as the two English tenses whose places they hold, that is, the past and the present perfect. THE IMPERFECT 169. The Latin imperfect tense is usually equivalent to the progressive form of the past tense in English, that is, it represents an act as going on in past time. Thus, I was working, |