labōrābam; They were fearing, timebant. Sometimes it is used to denote an act which happened repeatedly or was a customary thing. Thus, in the sentence The boys wandered in the forest, if the meaning is were in the habit of wandering in the forest the verb will be errābant. a. Occasionally we use the simple form of the English past tense to denote an act or situation which was continuing at some past time. Thus, I was happy because I had many friends. The verb had here denotes a situation which existed at the time of the main verb, was, and so would be represented in Latin by the imperfect. The Latin imperfect therefore will occasionally be translated by the simple past tense of the corresponding English verb. THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF PORTŌ AND MONEŌ 170. The verbs portō and moneō are conjugated as follows in the imperfect indicative active. Singular portabam, I was carrying or I carried portābās, you were carrying, you carried portābat, he, she, it was carrying, he carried, etc. Plural portābāmus, we were carrying, we carried portabant, they were carrying, they carried Singular monebam, I was warning or I warned Plural monēbāmus, we were warning, etc. monebant, they were warning, etc. THE TENSE SIGN 171. In the imperfect the syllable bå stands between the ⚫ present stem and the personal endings. This is called the Tense Sign of the imperfect. The personal endings are the same as in the present except that the first person singular ends in -m. 172. magnopere, adv., greatly maneō, -ēre, remain moveō, -ēre, move VOCABULARY nihil, indeclinable, N., nothing nūntius, -ī, M., messenger post, prep. w. acc., behind, after a. Nihil is used only in the nominative and accusative. 173. 1. Nuntius epistulam ad castra portabat. 2. In via post templum cum puerò ambulabam. 3. Pueri cum agricolā in agris labōrābant. 4. Nihil timēbāmus quod arma bona habēbāmus. 5. Dominus servōs monēbat. 6. Servi dominum magnopere timent. 7. In oppido cum amicō manēbam. 8. Barbari castra movēbant. 9. Filius agricolae in illō oppidō habitābat. 10. Viri et fēminae in viā stābant. 174. 1. The townspeople were moving the gold from the temple, because they feared (were fearing) the barbarians. 2. Our friends are praising the famous poet. 3. We did not greatly fear the dangers of war. 4. After the war, we saw (were seeing) their plans. 5. I was standing in the forest with your son. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. Name the tenses of the English verb in the indicative. 2. Name the tenses of the Latin verb in the indicative. 3. Explain the use of the Latin imperfect. 4. What is the tense sign of the imperfect indicative? 5. Point out the present stem, the tense sign, and the personal ending in the verb of sentence 2, section 173. 6. What is the meaning of annihilate? LESSON XXIX THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE: THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE 175. The words who, which, and what are frequently used in questions as pronouns. Thus, Who is the man? Which do you prefer? What did you see? Which and what are also used as adjectives, directly connected with nouns. Thus, Which man was elected? What house is that? In the last two sentences, which and what are adjectives, agreeing with man and house. a. The forms quis and quid in the nominative singular are pronouns, the forms qui and quod are adjectives. Sometimes quis is also used as an adjective. b. The forms of the pronoun which stand in the first column (quis, etc.) are sometimes feminine. The forms of the feminine singular are used only as adjectives. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES 177. In English we often use the word do or does (past tense did) in questions, as well as in negative expressions (see section 57). Thus, What do you see? When did he come? In Latin such questions have no word corresponding to this use of do. The Latin equivalents of the sentences given above would read as if the questions were What see you? When came he? In translating Latin questions into English a form of do must be supplied whenever it is needed for correct English. Thus Quem laudās is translated Whom do you praise? 178. fabula, -ae, F., story, tale VOCABULARY Germāni, -ōrum, м. pl., the Germans nunc, adv., now Rōmānus, -i, a Roman; pl., the Romans tum, adv., then, at that time, thereupon quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), vērus, -a, -um, true 179. 1. Quis tum in campo ambulabat? 2. Quid in hōc agrō nunc times? 3. Cujus filius est hic puer? 4. Qui pueri cum femina in via stābant? 5. Quae puella librum habet? 6. Haec fabula nōn vēra est. 7. Cui hae fābulae nōn grātae sunt? 8. Quis tum bellum timēbat? 9. Rōmānī saepe cum Germānīs pugnabant. 10. Quem dominus tum monēbat? 11. Servus nōn labōrābat et dominus eum accusābat. 180. 1. Who is your friend? 2. Whose book have you? 3. By whom (singular) is the letter carried? 4. To whom (plural) do you give the weapons? 5. In what town does your friend live? SUGGESTED DRILL 1. Point out the interrogative pronouns in section 179; the interrogative adjectives. 2. Conjugate the verbs of sentences 4 and 5, section 179, in the tenses and the voice and mood in which they occur. 3. Give the genitive singular of the words quae puella. 4. Explain the difference between the forms quid and quod as interrogatives. 5. Point out the subject and the object in sentence 10, section 179. 6. What is the meaning of the adverb verily? LESSON XXX IMPERFECT PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE 181. The imperfect passive differs from the imperfect active only in personal endings. The endings are the same as in the present passive, except that in the first person singular -r is used instead of -or. THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF PORTO AND MONEŌ 182. Verbs of the first and second conjugations are conjugated as follows in the imperfect of the indicative mood, passive voice. Singular Singular portabar, I was being carried or I was carried monēbar a. The ā of the tense sign becomes short before the endings -r and -ntur. In the active, as we have seen the ā becomes short before -m -t and -nt. |