THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE OF SUM 183. The verb sum is conjugated as follows in the imperfect a. It must be remembered that with the verb sum, which expresses merely existence, there is no such idea as active and passive involved, and hence there is only one set of forms. They have the personal endings of the active voice. b. The use of the forms of the verb to be when followed by a predicate adjective or noun must be distinguished from their use in making the progressive form of verbs. Thus, the sentence. I was free requires a form of sum, while the sentences I was praising and I was (being) praised do not, because the expressions was praising and was (being) praised denote actions and are rendered by forms of the verb laudō. a. The noun locus has also a masculine plural, locī, but in the meaning places or regions the neuter loca is regularly used. In the singular locus is always masculine. RELATED ENGLISH WORDS aqueduct location Gallic nature EXERCISE 185. 1. Tum superābāmur quod arma bona non habēbāmus 2. Pueri monebantur quod in periculo erant. 3. Rōmānī castra ex eo loco movebant quod aqua non bona erat. 4. Fēminae ex hoc loco pugnam videbant. 5. Arma a pueris per viās portabantur. 6. Rōmānī cum Germanis in Gallia pugnabant. 7. Tum bellum nōn timēbātur quod periculum non vidēbātur. 8. Rōmānī ā barbaris nōn juvabantur. 9. In illis viis angustis carri nōn saepe videbantur. 10. Propter naturam loci periculum non vidēbāmus. 186. 1. We were being helped by the Romans. 2. Who were being defeated in the battle? 3. The forest was seen from the town. 4. Water was carried to the town from this place. 5. The woman was being warned because there was danger in that narrow street. 1. Conjugate supero and video in the imperfect indicative passive. 2. Conjugate sum in the present and imperfect indicative. 3. What is the difference between the gender of the singular and the plural forms of locus? 4. Explain the use of there in sentence 5, section 186. 5. Decline the interrogative pronoun. 6. What are insuperable difficulties? FIFTH REVIEW LESSON REVIEW TOPICS 187. (1) The progressive form of the verb. (2) The passive voice. (3) The present indicative passive of the first conjuga tion. (4) The personal endings of the passive. (5) The ablative of accompaniment. (7) The declension of ille and ipse. (8) Prepositions in expressions of place from which. (9) The present indicative of the second conjugation. (10) The declension of is. (11) The accusative with prepositions. (12) The imperfect tense. (13) The imperfect indicative of the first and second conjugations. (14) The interrogative pronoun and adjective. (15) The imperfect indicative of sum. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 188. Define the following English words and give Latin words with which they are connected in derivation: LESSSON XXXI POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD PERSON THE USE OF SUUS 189. Besides the possessive adjectives meus, tuus, noster, and vester, which were given in section 106, Latin has a possessive adjective of the third person, suus, sua, suum, declined like meus. It is reflexive in its use that is, it regularly indicates that the subject of the sentence or the clause is the possessor. Puer amicōs suōs laudat, the boy praises his (his own) friends. Pueri amicōs suōs laudant, the boys praise their (their own) friends. Fēmina filiam suam monet, the woman warns her daughter. a. The gender and number of the subject of the sentence or clause in which a form of suus stands determine whether the meaning is his, her, its, or their. That is, if the subject denotes a man or boy suus will be translated his, if the subject denotes a woman or girl suus will be translated her, and if the subject denotes something without life suus will be translated its. If the subject is plural suus will be translated their. b. For emphasis or clearness, suus may sometimes be translated his own, her own, its own, or their own. POSSESSIVE USE OF THE GENITIVE OF IS 190. If the possessor is some other person than the subject, his, her, or its is regularly expressed by ejus, the genitive singular of is, and their by eōrum or earum, the genitive plural of is. Amicos ejus laudant, they praise his friends. a. The genitive forms of hic and ille are sometimes used instead of those of is, to denote possession. THE OMISSION OF POSSESSIVES 191. The possessives are often omitted in Latin if they are not emphatic or if they are not needed for the sake of clearness. They are to be supplied in translation from Latin into English whenever the sense requires. Fēmina filiam amat, the woman loves her daughter. 193. 1. Agricola equos suos laudabat. 2. Pueri librōs suōs habent. 3. Fēmina filium suum amat, sed filiam tuam laudat. 4. Populus Romanus magnam potentiam tum habēbat. 5. Primō illī pueri inimīcī erant, nunc amīcī sunt. 6. Hunc virum laudo, sed amīcōs ejus nōn laudō. 7. Gladiōs eōrum magnopere timēbāmus. 8. Bella populi Rōmānī erant multa. 9. Quis non potentiam amat? 10. Rōmānī patriam magnopere amābant. 194. 1. Your daughter has her book. 2. The slaves did not see their danger. 3. These men always praise their town. 4. The farmer is working in his own field. 5. We see their swords, but we do not fear. |