LESSON XXXVI USE OF PARTICIPLES: PAST PARTICIPLES PARTICIPLES 216. There are certain verb forms which not only denote action, but also serve to tell something about a person or thing very much as an adjective does. Thus, in the sentence, The boy, frightened by the noise, called for help, the word frightened is a form of the verb frighten, but it serves to tell something about the situation or condition of the boy. It is called a Participle, and it shares something of the character of a verb and of an adjective. It has the character of a verb in that it denotes action and it has the character of an adjective in that it tells something about a noun or pronoun. AGREEMENT OF THE PARTICIPLE 217. In Latin a participle agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun or pronoun to which it belongs. In the Latin for the sentence, The letter sent by my friend has not yet arrived, the word for the participle sent will agree with the word for letter in gender, number, and case. TENSES OF THE PARTICIPLE 218. The English verb has a present and a past participle. The Latin verb has a present, a past, and a future participle. Only the past participle is given in this lesson. The other tenses will be given later. THE PAST PARTICIPLE 219. The past participle of the English verb is used both in the active and in the passive; active having frightened, passive frightened or having been frightened. Latin has a past passive participle, but no past active participle. The past participle in English often has the same form as the past tense of the active voice. Thus, in the sentence The noise frightened the boy the word frightened is not a participle, but a verb in the past tense of the indicative, because it is used to make a statement. In the sentence given above, The boy, frightened by the noise, called for help, the word frightened is not used to make a statement. The act which is said to take place is denoted by called, and frightened in this sentence, as we have already seen, merely serves to tell something about the condition of the boy. a. The English past passive participle also has a compound form, having been frightened, which means the same as the simple form frightened and is translated into Latin in the same manner as the simple form. We might say The boy, having been frightened by the noise, called for help. These compound participles are almost never used in conversation, but they are sometimes, though not often, used in writing. They are times used in translating to make clear the distinction between the past participle and the past indicative. FORMS OF THE PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE some 220. The past participle of porto is portātus, -a, -um, declined like bonus. It is translated having been carried or simply carried. The participle of moneō is monitus, -a, -um. Puer ab agricolă monitus nunc laborat, the boy, having been warned by the farmer, is now working. In this sentence monitus is masculine, singular, nominative, to agree with puer, which is the subject of labōrat. The past participle of juvō is jūtus, -a, -um, of dō is datus, -a, -um (differing from portātus in that the a is short). All other verbs of the first conjugation which have been given thus far form their past participles like portō1: for example laudātus, amātus, etc. 1 The verb stō has no past participle. 222. 1. Puella ab amicō tuō monita nōn in viā manēbat. 2. Picturae ex villa portatae huic feminae dabuntur. 3. Servus a dominō monitus nunc labōrat. 4. Gallī ā Rōmānīs superātī in oppidō manent. 5. Arma in oppidō cēlāta nōn videntur. 6. Hi viri convocātī periculum videbunt. 7. Tum hic poeta domicilium in Italiā habēbat. 8. Rōmānī in eč proeliō multōs barbarōs necāvērunt. 9. Lēgātus concilium convocavit et periculum dēmonstrāvit. 223. 1. The picture given by my friend is in my villa. 2. The boys invited by the woman are now, in the town. 3. The boys, having-been-warned, will change their plan. 4. These men, having-been-praised by the lieutenant, will fight bravely. 5. The boy has a sword, given by the lieutenant. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. What are the tenses of the English participle? 2. What are the tenses of the Latin participle? 3. What is an important difference between the past participle in Latin and in English? 4. Decline the past participle of laudō; of moneō. 5. Explain the gender, number, and case of superāti in sentence 4, section 222. 6. What English word is connected in derivation with the past participle of nårrō? LESSON XXXVII PRINCIPAL PARTS: STEMS OF VERBS THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB 224. There are certain forms of a verb which show us important facts regarding the conjugation of the verb in the different tenses. These are called Principal Parts. The principal parts of a Latin verb are the present indicative active (first person singular), the present infinitive active, the perfect indicative active (first person singular), and the past participle. Any form of a verb may be made when these are known. The principal parts of portō and moneō are as follows: portō, portāre, portāvī, portātum moneō, monēre, monui, monitum a. The neuter form of the past participle is given in the principal parts for the reason that the past participles of some verbs have no masculine or feminine forms. But for most verbs, the participle is declined in all three genders. Thus, amātus, -a, -um, territus, -a, -um, etc. THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF FIRST CONJUGATION VERBS 225. All first conjugation verbs given thus far, except juvō, dō, and stō, form their principal parts like porto. The principal parts of these three are as follows: dō, dare, dedi, datum juvō, juvāre, jūvī, jūtum a. The fourth principal part of stō will be explained later; dō is irregular in having the a short in the infinitive and past participle. THE STEMS OF THE VERB 226. A verb regularly has three stems: the present, the perfect, and the participial. The present stem is found by dropping -re from the present active infinitive, and the perfect stem by dropping -i from the first person singular of the perfect indicative active (see Lessons VIII and XXXV). The participial stem is found by dropping -um from the past participle: portatum, stem portat-; monitum, stem monit-. IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPAL PARTS AND STEMS In order to find the stems of the verb, it is necessary to know its principal parts. These facts regarding the formation and use of stems are true of all verbs in the Latin language. It is therefore very important that they be remembered. USE OF THE STEMS 227. The present, the past, and the future indicative, active and passive, are formed on the present stem. The perfect stem is used only in the active voice. The perfect active indicative, which has already been given, and the past perfect and future perfect indicative, which will be given later, are formed on this stem. Only a few forms are made on the participial stem. THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF SECOND CONJUGATION VERBS 228. The principal parts of the second conjugation verbs which have been given thus far are as follows: habeō, habere, habui, habitum terreō, terrere, terrui, territum maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum videō, vidēre, vīdī, visum compleō, complēre, complēvi, complētum |