EXERCISES 229. 1. Magnum numerum equōrum in agrō vidi. 2. Amici tui huic puellae multōs libros dederunt. 3. Pueri vīsi in illō locō nōn manēbunt. 4. Hunc virum saepe jūvī. 5. Hi oppidānī numquam bellum amāvērunt, sed fortiter pugnabunt. 6. Hic puer parvus in silvā mānṣit. . 7. Filius tuus librōs meōs ex hoc loco mōvit. 8. In multis oppidis habitāvi et multos amicōs habeō. 9. Servus in via vīsus ā domino accusabitur. 230. 1. The lieutenant killed four barbarians in that battle. 2. I have often seen this beautiful statue. 3. I warned the boy, but he remained in the forest. 4. I have always loved my native country, and I will fight for (prō) it. 5. The Gauls, having been warned, have moved their camp. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. What are the principal parts of the verb? 2. How many stems does a verb regularly have? What are they? 3. Which of the principal parts are made on the present stem? 4. Give all the stems of laudō, habeō, and dō. 5. Give some English words which are derived from the past participle of video. 6. Give the third person singular of dō in the present, imperfect, future, and perfect of the active voice. 7. Explain the case of puellae in sentence 2, section 229. LESSON XXXVIII PAST PERFECT TENSE: ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OF TIME MEANING OF THE PAST PERFECT 231. The past perfect tense represents an pleted at some specified or suggested time in the past. The English past perfect has the English auxiliary verb had. Thus, I had carried, you had carried, etc. FORMATION OF THE LATIN PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE, ACTIVE 232. The past perfect indicative active of the Latin verb has the tense sign -era-, which is added to the perfect stem. The endings are used as in the imperfect. The ǎ of the tense sign is short before the endings -m, -t, and -nt. portāveram, I had carried portāverās, you had carried portaverat, he had carried Singular monueram, I had warned monueras, you had warned monuerat, he had warned Plural portāverāmus, we had carried portāverātis, you had carried portaverant, they had carried monueramus, we had warned monueratis, you had warned monuerant, they had warned THE ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OF TIME 233. In English we sometimes use a noun without a preposition to tell how long an act or a situation continues. Thus, We stayed in the country three days. We may also say We stayed in the country for three days. The expressions three days in the first sentence, and for three days in the second mean exactly the same thing. In Latin a word which is thus used to denote duration of time is put in the accusative without a preposition. Multās hōīrās in īnsulā mānsī, I remained on the island many hours (or for many hours). EXERCISES 235. 1. Multās hōrās in eō locō mānsimus. 2. Lēgātus multa pericula vītāverat. 3. Quinque annōs in Britanniā habitāvī. 4. Hōs puerōs saepe monueram. 5. Numquam hunc locum videram, et timēbam. 6. Filius hujus viri honestus est. 7. Hic vir saepe amīcōs suōs jūverat. 8. Multa dōna eis dederat. 9. Vita lēgātī tum in magnō periculō erat. 10. Marcus in schola quattuor hōrās erit. 11. Ille poēta in Italia domicilium multōs annōs habebat. 236. 1. I had often warned my friend, but he did not fear. 2. We shall not be in school many hours. 3. The lieutenant's daughter will remain in Italy for five years. 4. The Gauls had concealed their weapons in the town. What had frightened those horses? 5. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. What auxiliary verb is used to form the past perfect in English? 2. What is the past perfect of the English verb have in the first person singular, active voice? 3. What is the tense sign of the past perfect indicative active in Latin? 4. On which stem is the past perfect active made? 5. Form an English sentence containing an expression of duration of time. 6. What is meant by semi-annual? LESSON XXXIX FUTURE PERFECT: SUBSTANTIVE USE OF ADJECTIVES MEANING OF THE FUTURE PERFECT 237. The future perfect tense represents an act as to be completed at some specified or suggested time in the future. Thus, I shall have finished the work in two weeks. The future perfect is used less frequently than the other tenses in English. It is used somewhat more frequently in Latin than in English. FORMATION OF THE FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE 238. The future perfect indicative active of the Latin verb has the tense sign -eri-, which is added to the perfect stem. The personal endings are used as in the present tense. The i of the tense sign disappears before -ō in the first person singular. Singular portāverō, I shall have carried Plural portāverimus, we shall have carried Singular monuerō, I shall have warned Plural monuerimus, we shall have warned SUBSTANTIVE USE OF ADJECTIVES 239. In Latin, as in English and in other modern languages, adjectives are sometimes used as substantives (nouns or pronouns). Thus, Many wished to remain at home. The word many is here used as subject of the sentence. Such words as many, all, others, few, and similar words are very frequently used thus. The masculine plural forms are regularly used to refer to persons. In addition to these words, Latin often uses nostri to mean our men or our sol diers. Other possessives are sometimes used with a similar meaning. Thus tui or vestrī, your men or your soldiers. a. The neuter plural multa is often used to mean many things. Similarly, haec, the neuter plural of hic, is often used to mean these things. 241. 1. Haec pericula vītāverō. 2. Nostrī signum viderint. 3. Multi vītam ejus virī laudāvērunt. 4. Si bellum renovāverint, periculum magnum erit. 5. Socii nostri fugam barbarōrum viderant. 6. In eo loco erat mūrus altus. 7. Hōs puerōs parvōs terruerō. 8. Haec pictūra in vīllā Mārci multōs annōs mānserat. 9. Portavit; portāverat; portāverit; monuērunt; monuerant; monuerint. 242. 1. Our friends will have seen many towns. 2. The flight of these men will have renewed our danger. 3. If I see (shall have seen) the signal, I shall call together the council. 4. Our (men) have good weapons and will fight bravely. 5. Many had long feared this danger, but we were not prepared. SUGGESTED DRILL 1. What is the tense sign of the Latin future perfect indicative? 2. On which stem is the future perfect active formed? 3. What is the difference between the use of the personal endings in the past perfect and in the future perfect in the active? 4. Name some English adjectives which may be used as substantives. 5. Explain the substantive use of nostri. 6. What are mural paintings? |