Learning to Typewrite: With a Discussion of the Psychology and Pedagogy of SkillGregg Publishing Company, 1925 - 463 من الصفحات |
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عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
ability accuracy acquired acquisition of skill animal become Chapter conditioning stimuli contest copy correct response desired response determine developed difficulties direction E. L. Thorndike efficient elemental habits elicit eliminated errors exercise experience fact factors fixed formed given group of stimuli higher-order habits important inner tendencies instance of learning keyboard law of effect learned responses learners of typewriting learning process learning to typewrite letter-making move linkage machine ment mental method mode of response motor movements required native native modes negative adaptation nervous system neural neurones normal October 22 organism originated particular physiological practice previously learned problem produce Psychology of Skill puzzle box reacting reaction record selected sensations situation or stimulus spelling sponse stage substitute response substitute stimulus successful response synapse task of learning teachers of typewriting telegraphy tion type of learning type of modification typewriting habits typist W. F. Book Woodworth word habits
مقاطع مشهورة
الصفحة 349 - There is no more miserable human being than one in whom nothing is habitual but indecision, and for whom the lighting of every cigar, the drinking of every cup, the time of rising and going to bed every day, and the beginning of every bit of work, are subjects of express volitional deliberation. Full half the time of such a man goes to the deciding, or regretting, of matters which ought to be so ingrained in him as practically not to exist for his consciousness at all. If there be such daily duties...
الصفحة 351 - ... singled out. Silently, between all the details of his business, the power of judging in all that class of matter will have built itself up within him as a possession that will never pass away. Young people should know the truth of this in advance. The ignorance of it has probably engendered more discouragement and faintheartedness in youths embarking on arduous careers than all other causes put together.
الصفحة 347 - No matter how full a reservoir of maxims one may possess, and no matter how good one's sentiments may be, if one have not taken advantage of every concrete opportunity to act, one's character may remain entirely unaffected for the better. With mere good intentions, hell is proverbially paved. And this is an obvious consequence of the principles we have laid down. A
الصفحة 349 - The more of the details of our daily life we can hand over to the effortless custody of automatism, the more our higher powers of mind will be set free for their own proper work.
الصفحة 49 - When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is made and is accompanied or followed by a satisfying state of affairs, that connection's strength is increased : When made and accompanied or followed by an annoying state of affairs, its strength is decreased.
الصفحة 31 - ... that it has on muscles; it causes them to grow and it probably also improves their internal condition so that they act more readily and more strongly. The growth, in the cortex, of dendrites and of the end-brushes of axons that interlace with the dendrites, must improve the synapses between one neuron and another, and thus make better conduction paths between one part of the cortex and another, and also between the cortex and the lower sensory and motor centers. The law of exercise has thus a...
الصفحة 141 - ... and its result might similarly be rehearsed, and thus practice in dealing with a situation might be obtained in the absence of the actual situation. This use of ideas occurs frequently in man, but in animals there is no clear evidence of it. Fourth, by a combination of the first with the second or third of the above uses of ideas, some feature of the present situation might suggest a reaction learned in previous experience; the consequences of this reaction might be mentally rehearsed, and its...
الصفحة 196 - We believe that by no device is it possible to gain freedom in using the higher-order habits until the lower have been so well mastered that attention is not diverted by them.
الصفحة 338 - ... sensation. Thence it pushes on, over association neurones in the brain to motor neurones, over which it passes down the spinal cord again to muscles, and ends in some movement. In the pathway which it traverses it leaves its impression, and, thereafter, when the first neurone is excited, the nervous current tends to take the same pathway and to end in the same movement. It should be emphasized that the nervous current, once started, always tends to seek outlet in movement. This is an extremely...
الصفحة 196 - Bryan found results that led him to conclude as regards the telegraphic language: " (1) that by no device is it possible to gain freedom in using the higher language units until the lower have been so mastered that the attention is not diverted by them; and (2) that it is, nevertheless, wise at all stages to practice with the highest language units possible, and thus learn all the units in their proper setting.