peror Charles of Austria followed the example of his neighbor in also abdicating.

The conclusion of the war, viewed briefly, showed the following.

France obtained Alsace-Lorraine.

Great Britain had driven the Germans from East Africa, had saved the British Empire, had kept its faith with the smaller nations.

Poland was restored its independence and held promise of a return to its former greatness.

Bohemia was the central and important point of the new Czecho-Slovak Nation. Syria, Armenia and Mesopotamia were redeemed from the Turk. Palastine was to be restored to the Jews.

Serbia, Belgium and Roumania were free again. Italy recovered its lost provinces.

The Jugo-Slavs, that people immediately to the north and east of Italy, were given the right to organize into a nation on the basis of an independent people.

Autocracy had fallen everywhere.

America, which sought no material gain, had won honor, respect and the affection of all people.

THE WAR AT HOME.

On September 5th, 1917, the first contingent of the men conscripted for army service was sent to the various camps. It was a revelation to those who professed to see possible trouble and resistance on the part of many of the men called to fight for their country. The day passed quietly, the men took up their new duties methodically and answered the call willingly and freely. It spelled Americanism and the patriotism of American manhood.

On December 28th, America declared war on Austria-Hungary. On December 26th the Government

found it necessary to take over all the railroad lines. William G. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury took on the extra duties of Director General of Railways.

On January 16, 1918, Fuel Administrator Garfield ordered non-essential manufacturing concerns to shut down for five days and on all Mondays thereafter until March to relieve the coal shortage. It was not necessary however to continue the suspenpension of business on Mondays later than the middle of February.

On January 26, the President appealed to the country to use only 70% of the wheat used in 1917 during the new year, urging the need of the same overseas. Every Monday and Wednesday was thereafter declared a wheatless day and one meal each day was to contain no wheat. Sugar, too, was cut to a minimum, meat and pork products were also largely curtailed and one day each week (Tuesday) was meatless day and one meal each day contained no meat.

As the message said:-"The effectiveness of these rules is dependent solely on the good will of and the willingness to sacrifice by the American people." All America responded gladly, willingly. Men, women and children turned to planting gardens, the farmers answering an appeal of the President turned to the work of turning out bumper harvests.

May 24th, the 3rd Liberty Loan ended with the amount requested considerably oversubscribed. May 25th, found the second American Red Cross War Fund for $100,000,000 oversubscribed. On June 10th, Secretary Baker announced that 700,000 Americans were in France; on July 2nd, the number had been increased to over 1,000,000 men.

July 4th, 1918 found the American Independence

day celebrated in England, France and Italy as well as in the United States.

It was necessary as a war measure to have the right to take over the telegraph lines and the President was given this authority on July 13th.

A Fourth Liberty Loan was heavily oversubscribed in November the amount subscribed reaching about $7,000,000,000.

America's great concentration of effort was helping to bring the war to a close. Daily it became more apparent that Germany's defeat was but a question of months, of weeks, of days even. Then came the Armistice, the great rejoicing in the country, the return of America's troops.

On December 2nd, the President of the United States sailed for France to attend in the arrangements and negotiations for peace. This was a departure and upset of all precedence. There was some protest but the country, on the whole, approved. His visit to Europe was an epochal one, everywhere he received an inspiring welcome. It was the tribute of Europe both to America and the Man.

His work in connection with the peace table decisions was of the utmost importance, its true importance will be fully realized in the light of looking backward. He stood out as a figure that sought not material gain but what was best for all the world. He understood the needs and demands of France, Italy and England and the lesser nations but he also had the vision to see that the conquered nations have left with them the ability to meet their just penance.

No voice in all the Peace Council had greater weight. Though his plans met with considerable opposition at home he urged a League of Nations as a practical preventative of future wars. We include a summary of the text of the Covenants of the

League of Nations issued officially on April 12, 1919. "1-The league of nations is founded in order to promote international co-operation and to secure peace. The league will include: (A) The belligerent states named in a document annexed to the covenant; (B) all the neutral states so named, and (C) in the future, any self-governing country whose admission is approved by two-thirds of the states already members of the league.

"A state may withdraw from the league, providing it has kept its obligations to date, on giving two years' notice.

"2-The league will act through an assembly comprising not more than three representatives of each of the member states, each state having only one vote, and a council comprising, for the present, one representative of each of the five great powers as selected from time to time by the assembly.

"The number of powers of each class represented on the council may be increased by the unanimous consent of the council and a majority of the assembly. Other powers have the right to sit as members of the council during the decision of matters in which they are especially interested.

"In the council, as in the assembly, each state will have only one vote. Both these bodies are to meet at stated intervals (the council at least once a year), and at other times if required; both can deal with any matter that is of international interest or threatens the peace of the world; the decision of both must be unanimous, except in certain specified cases, matters of procedure, for instance, being decided by a majority vote.

"The league will have a permanent secretariat, under a secretary general. The secretariat and all other bodies under the league may include women,

equally with men. A permanent court of international justice and various permanent commissions and bureaus are also to be established.

"3-The member states agree: "(A) To reduce their armaments, plans for such reduction being suggested by the council, but only adopted with the consent of the states themselves, and thereafter not to increase them without the concurrance of the council.

"(B) To exchange full information of their existing armies and their naval and military programs.

"(C) To respect each other's territory and personal independence, and to guarantee them against foreign aggression.

"(D) To submit all international disputes either to arbitration or to inquiry by the council, which latter, however, may not pronounce an opinion on any dispute whose subject matter falls solely within the state's domestic jurisdiction; in no case go to war till three months after an award, or a unanimous recommendation has been made, and even then not to go to war with a state which accepts the award or recommendation.

"(E) To regard a state which has broken the covenant as having committed an act of war against the league, to break off all economic and all other relations with it, and to allow free passage through their territories to the troops of those states which are contributing armed force on behalf of the league. The council is to recommend what amount of force if any, should be applied by the several governments concerned, but the approval of the latter is necessary. (States not members of the league will be invited to accept the obligations of the league for the purpose of particular disputes, and, if they fail to comply, may be forced.)