dential office. The end of the Adams administration, in 1800, marked the exit of the Federal party from power.

The most vital legislative and other measures passed or approved during Federal rule included the Constitution (1789); a tariff act with duties averaging about eight and one half per cent (1789); a “Bill of Rights," subsequently incorporated in ten Constitutional Amendments (1789); the establishing of a regular army (1789); the assumption and subsequent funding by the national government of the debts of the several states, incurred during the Revolutionary War and amounting to $18,271,786 (1790); the determining of a permanent seat for the national government in the District of Columbia (1790); the establishing of a national bank for twenty years with a capital of $10,000,000, one fifth being subscribed by the government (1791); the organizing of a militia, ordering the enrollment of all male white citizens between eighteen and forty-five years of age (1793); the ratification of the eleven amendments to the Constitution, limiting the judicial power of the United States as against the states, asserting the non-inability of the states (1794); the ordering of six frigates, three of the very heavy class, as the basis for an American navy (1794); the negotiations with England, by Chief Justice Jay, of a treaty of amity, commerce and navigation (1794); the passing of the Alien and Sedition Laws, the former for the expulsion of odious foreigners by the President, the latter to punish persons who unlawfully opposed or stirred up sedition against the Federal government or its officials (1798); and the removal of the national capital to Washington, D. C. (1800).

The provisions of the Alien and Sedition Laws proved to be so distasteful to the people that the prestige of the Federal party, under whose auspices

these measures were promulgated, fell rapidly and was never regained.

The supremacy of the party, from the time of its organization until its removal from power, was upheld largely by the superior organization and shrewd management of able leaders. It was never really popular, acting frequently in direct opposition to views and ideas most in favor with the masses. The party rule of non-interference with the affairs of other nations, particularly France, caused much dissatisfaction. The passage of bills to increase expenditure for purposes of national development was blocked by the anti-Federals on every possible occasion.

When in opposition, after the election of Jefferson to the presidency, in 1800, the Federal party, up to that time advocates of a state church, relinquished the idea. They fought against the purchase of Louisiana. After the purchase the Federals endeavored to bring about a secession of the northern states, believing that, with Louisiana added, the balance of power would rest permanently with the South. Through the opposition of Alexander Hamilton, this plan was frustrated.

When Jefferson was elected by the House, in 1880, a division took place in the Democratic-Republican party ranks. The adherents of Aaron Burr, who received seventy-three votes,being an equal number with those of Jefferson-formed a party and called themselves Burrites. The antagonism between this faction and the regulars deepened as Burr became more active in furthering his ambitions. The Federalists endeavored to use this faction as a means to regain power. The Burrites, as a party, became extinct when Burr died.

In 1807, under Jefferson's second administration, Congress issued an Embargo Act, detaining all

American vessels in American ports and cutting off commercial intercourse with England and France to compel their recognition of the rights of neutrals; but as it failed in its purpose, it robbed the Republican-Democratic party of strength and gave the Federalists an opportunity to recuperate. Owing to a lack of proper leadership, however, they failed to reap a permanent advantage. In the presidential election of 1812, the Federal party had no ticket. They supported De Witt Clinton, an official of the Democratic-Republican Party, and opposed to the war with England. Madison, Republican, was reelected. The Federals protested vigorously throughout the war against a continuance of hostilities. In 1814, they held a convention at Hartford in favor of their cause, but without practical results. Their resolutions were declared to be disloyal. During their deliberations, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent, December 24. With the advent of renewed prosperity, the Federal party leaders, being unpatriotic, fell out of favor with the people. Members of that party gradually left its ranks. Many joined the party in power. In 1816, at the presidential election, the Federals again voted with the Clintonians, supporting Rufus King for the presidency. King received only thirty-four votes, Monroe, the Democratic-Republican candidate, receiving one hundred and eighty-three. With this defeat the career of the Federal party ended. Questions involved in the old controversies between the parties had lost their significance, and party differences died out.

THE DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN PARTY

The "Particularists" of 1781 became in 1787 "antiFederalists." They had fought persistently and strenuously, in and out of Congress, against all ef

forts to alter or amend the Articles of Confederation, when, on September 17 of that year, those articles were set aside and a Federal Constitution was adopted, the name "Federalist" having been chosen to indicate the party of the Constitution, formerly "Strong Government" men. Their opponents, squarely at issue with them on this and other questions, were willing to be recognized as "anti-Federalists."

Most prominent among the anti-Federal leaders were Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and George Clinton. These men and their followers held deep-rooted convictions antagonistic to the avowed Federal policy. They suspected their opponents of a desire to build up a terrorizing, oppressive, absolute, central government. They believed that the independence of the states as units would be entirely sacrificed. Concerning the newly made Constitution, they insisted on a strict interpretation of its provisions, refusing to countenance in any way the broad construction advocated and adopted by the Federal administration.

Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were members of Washington's cabinet, the former being secretary of the treasury and the latter secretary of state. Each had his followers in Congress.

When the first Congress under the Constitution assembled in New York, March 4, 1789, there was but a small majority of Federalists, and these were in favor of the measures recommended by the administration. The ideas of Hamilton and Jefferson on state and national affairs formed the principal issues on which the political parties were divided during several succeeding administrations. Hamilton was the recognized leader of the Federal party. Jefferson was acknowledged as the head of the opposing political force.

The anti-Federals were aggressive in Congress.

They took an active part in all debates, disputing every vital point, contesting, inch by inch, every threatened encroachment on their principles. The financial policy of Hamilton, as exemplified in the bill for the assumption by the Union of state war debts, and in his project for the organization of a national bank, was strongly disapproved. In the opinion of the anti-Federalists, as voiced by Jefferson and Randolph, the proposed bank was not sanctioned by the Constitution.

Hamilton's bill to form a militia was condemned. The leaders of the French Revolution, at first applauded and endorsed by both parties, eventually lost, by their excesses, the countenance of the administration, only to be cheered on with redoubled zeal by the rank and file of the anti-Federalist party.

The Constitution, as amended, after a fair trial proved acceptable to the people. Opposition to it gradually died away. New issues sprang up.

The term "anti-Federals," as applied to the Jeffersonian party, seemed no longer appropriate. In 1791 the party name was changed in general usage to "Republican." The full title chosen was "Democratic-Republican." In 1792, this name "Republican" was formally applied, and the party's purpose was defined.

In April, 1793, Washington gave great offense to the Republicans by proclaiming neutrality with reference to the war then in progress between France and Spain, declaring that the United States should avoid complications with foreign nations. By this proclamation the Republicans, desirous to aid France, found their way obstructed. Jefferson declared that the proclamation wounded popular feelings and national honor. At the end of the year he resigned. During the administration of John Adams, Federalist (1797-1802), Republican party sympathy with