nominated "Douglas Men." They refused to endorse the demands of the South, at the national convention in that year, that an explicit assertion be made in the platform of the rights of citizens to establish slavery in the territories; and to be protected in that right by Federal authority.

BRECKINRIDGE DEMOCRATS

The Democrats of Southern states, who demanded what the Douglas Democrats refused to grant, were distinctively termed Breckinridge Democrats after their leader, John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, Democratic nominee of the convention of 1860 for the presidency. .

CONSTITUTIONAL UNION PARTY

This party consisted of Democrats who had for their platform "the Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of Law." It succeeded the American or Know-Nothing party, but failed to develop much strength. The organization met at Baltimore, in May, 1860, and nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, for the presidential offices. Bell received thirty-nine electoral votes. The popular vote cast for him was 589,581. It is a matter of record that this Union party had more influence in the South than in the North. In 1876, James B. Walker, "American" nominee, received 2,636 votes. In 1880, John W. Phelps received seven hundred and seven votes. In 1884, no candidate appeared. In 1888, James W. Curtis received 1,501 votes.

KU-KLUX KLAN

In 1868, a secret society so named, opposed to negro suffrage, was organized in the South. This society issued lists of proscribed persons who were

warned to leave the country or be liable to assassination. The members of the Klan wore masks, and usually secured and punished their victims at night. Its depredations became so oppressive that in some states members of the order were made liable to jail and imprisonment. In April, 1868, President Grant took steps toward their repression. In 1871, the President issued a proclamation against them. Federal troops were posted to restore order in South Carolina; six hundred arrests were made, and many trials for assault and murder ensued. Vigorous prosecution until 1876 effectually stamped out the evil.

LIBERAL REPUBLICANS

This party was formed in 1870-'71 by Republicans who were dissatisfied with the policy of Grant's administration and the conduct of the party leaders. In 1872, at a national convention, they nominated Horace Greeley for President. He died before the electoral vote was counted. The popular vote cast for Greeley was 2,834,079.

STRAIGHT-OUT DEMOCRATS

Those who became politically active under this name or title were known also as "Tap-Root," or "Radical," Democrats. They objected to the nomination of Greeley by the regulars in 1872, and nominated Charles O'Conor. O'Conor received 29,408 votes.

LABOR REFORM PARTY

This was a combination of working men, in 1872, who believed in trades unions. The party had local organizations in every section, and for a time wielded considerable influence, nominating their own candidates at several state elections. During its existence, this party succeeded in introducing or setting

on foot several beneficial movements. The working day in government establishments was, mainly through party agitators, reduced from ten to eight hours. The Labor Reform party held opinions adverse to large accumulations of wealth, and favored equality. At a convention, held in August, 1872, they nominated Charles O'Conor for the presidency. Two weeks later O'Conor received the nomination of the "Straight-Out" Democrats.

GRANGERS

This party was known also as "Patrons of Husbandry," and came into being as an organization during Grant's first administration. At first the order was non-political, but subsequently it became the object of much scheming and plotting on the part of unscrupulous politicians. Primarily, the idea of the Grangers was to promote the higher development of farm life and labor, to encourage cooperation among agriculturists, to regulate railway freights, to discourage the credit system, and the plan of borrowing on mortgages.

TEMPERANCE PARTY

Local temperance organizations combined, in 1872, forming a national temperance prohibition party, which, four years later, formally adopted the name "Prohibition" as best indicating their platform and principles. A Prohibition convention was held in 1872. James Black was nominated for the presidency. He received 5,608 votes.

GREENBACK PARTY

This party had its origin in the period of financial depression following the panic of 1863. It called for the increase of greenback paper money to save the

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money market and sustain values. Many advocates of this policy believed that such money ought not to be redeemed. It should, they argued, take the place of coin, becoming coined paper endorsed by the government for payment of all debts, public and private. The "Grangers," with few exceptions, approved of the Greenback party's policy, and joined the movement. At a national convention, in 1876, the Greenback party nominated Peter Cooper for President. The popular vote cast in his favor was 81,740. National Greenback party was organized in 1878. It advocated the unlimited coinage of gold and silver, the substitution of greenbacks-national bills of credit made legal tender-for national bank notes, woman suffrage, and the bettering of the condition of the working people. James B. Weaver was nominated for President at the Greenback national convention, in 1880. The popular vote cast for him was 308,578. In 1884, the party nominated General Benjamin F. Butler. The popular vote cast in his favor was 133,825. This was the last appearance of the Greenback party, as such, in a presidential contest. In 1887, the Union Labor party took its place.

PROHIBITION PARTY

The Prohibition Party, first organized under the auspices of the Temperance party in 1872, nominated Green Clay Smith for the presidency in 1876. The platform favored legal prohibition of traffic in intoxicating liquors, woman suffrage, a direct presidential vote, and currency convertable into coin. The popular vote cast for Smith was 9,522. The principal plank in the Prohibition platform since that time has been in favor of absolute legal prohibition in intoxicants. Neal Dow, nominated for the presidency (1880), received 10,305 votes; John P. St. John (1884), 150,626; Clinton B. Fisk (1888), 246,876;

John Bidwell (1892), 264,133; Joshua Levering (1896), 132,007; John G. Woolley (1900) 208,194. The Prohibition platform (1900) made prohibition the greatest issue, condemned President McKinley for drinking and serving wine at the White House, re- ' buked the party policy of the administration in permitting liquor traffic in the Philippines, and appealed to all Christian voters for moral support in the campaign.

STALWARTS

This was a branch of the Republican party (1876), followers of Roscoe Conkling, Don Cameron, and John A. Logan, who were opposed to the conciliatory course of President Hayes toward the South. The Stalwarts favored the nomination of Grant for a third term. Conkling and a number of his friends opposed the plans of the Hayes administration toward reform of the civil service.

HALF-BREEDS

This name was used in a contemptuous way by the Stalwarts (1876), to designate Republicans who upheld the Hayes administration, generally opposed the nomination of Grant for a third term, and favored civil service reform.

INDEPENDENT REPUBLICANS

These were members of the Republican party in New York who were opposed to the dictation of Senator Conkling in controlling state affairs. The Conkling nominee for governor, Alonzo B. Cornell, was not acknowledged by the Independents. They refused to support him, and notwithstanding the aid given to Cornell, came close to defeating that candidate. The regular Republicans called the Independents "Scratchers."