to 31st December, 1819, has been 4,243,632 dol- ing medium. But it appears to us that, if the princilars. The whole quantity of land which has been ple of col. Johnson's resolution is adopted, unless sold by the United States as well before as since the the law to be passed in consequence shall contain opening of the land offices, up to 30th Sept, 1819, some provisions which we do not, just now, appreis 20,138,482 acres; and the amount for which it hend to be practicable, it will, in many cases, opehas been sold is, 45,098,696 dollars. Of this amount, rate nearly as a total loss of the value of the lands 22,229,180 dollars had been paid, and 22,000,657 given up to the United States. Every tract, whe remained to be paid, at the close of Sept. 1819. The ther large or small, has some particular part more quantity of lands surveyed in the several land office valuable than the rest-sites for future towns, mill districts is 72,805,092 acres, whereof 18,601,930 seats, meadow grounds, &c. &c. and it is likely that acres have been sold, leaving 54,203,162 acres un-many parcels have been purchased by actual setsold. The quantity surveyed for military bounty tlers, with a chief view to some particular spot, not lands, is 12,315,360 acres. The whole quantity of exceeding a fourth part of the whole. This spot, land purchased from the Indians by the various of course, will be retained, and the refuse land be treaties and cessions, is estimated at 191,978,556 thrown back on the public. Hence, surveys and acres!" re-surveys must be made at a great expense, and These aggregates are of mighty magnitude-many difficulties will arise in pointing out what but since the preceding summary was just pub-special portions of land belong to the United States. lished, we notice that a treaty has been signed with the best will be retained by individuals and the the Choctaws, by generals Jackson and Hinds, worst relinquished. commissioners on the part of the United States, There is another circumstance which is also en. for the exchange of about six millions of acres, lying titled to consideration-two or three years ago, it chiefly in the state of Mississippi, for a large tract was recommended by the president that the price west of the river of that name, and lying between of the public lands should be raised. It is probable, the Arkansas and Red River. In consideration of that this induced many to enter lands which otherthe advantages gained by this exchange, the United wise they would not have done. But the price, States are to furnish each warrior with a rifle, ket- instead of being raised, has been reduced, and the tle, blanket, &c. and supply him with a sufficiency suffering has been increased by that which was, of ammunition and corn for one year. The Choc-perhaps, intended to check it. Those who pur. taws reserved a part of their lands for the support chased on speculation, (and this has been a great of schools--three fourths of the product of which are to be appropriated for schools on the east side, and one fourth for others to be established on the west side of the Mississippi. The lands which we have obtained by this treaty are said to be of the first quality. business in the western country for many years), were thereby, however, completely defeated in their views-for they considered the public faith as pledged that the public lands should not be sold for less than two dollars an acre. Whether we reflect upon the amount of monies due to the United States on account of lands sold, or the condition of those who purchased them, especially such as are actual settlers,—it is a matter worthy of great consideration. The state of things has so much changed within a few years, that every principle of humanity is warmly enlisted in favor of the latter. As the value of products have depreciated, so that of money has appreciated, and the ability to pay is lessened beyond any reasonable calculation which could have been made by enterprizing emigrants, among whom are many as good men as the republic boasts of. We cannot admit that these should be rooted up and destroyed-that all which they have done and suffered to improve the places where they have located themselves, should be lost to them. No general provisions can cover every man's case, but we believe that some regulations like the following, might be highly advantage The late law, abolishing credit on lands sold by the United States, and for reducing the price at which public lands shall be disposed of, will prevent an increase of the amount due; but must have some considerable tendency to lessen the ability of those indebted for such lands to make good their respective engagements with the U. States, most of whom, perhaps, have purchased larger, or other, tracts, than those which they designed for their own uses, with a view to make a profit on their rise in value. They contracted to pay two dollars per acre, and the land is liable for the amount which remains unpaid. The present selling price by the United States is only one dollar and a quar. ter, per acre, cash. Hence, it is presumed, that purchases of the latter must be preferred by those who have money, and the debtors cannot relieve themselves by disposing of the extra quantities they have. It was on this ground, probably, that col.ous to both partiesJohnson introduced into the senate on the 16th inst. First-a general extension of the period of paya resolution to "authorize any person, who has ment for lands sold, for the space of years; at purchased public lands, and not made full payment the end of which, a moiety of the amount due should for the same, to relinquish to the U. States so much be paid, and the residue in years thereafter. thereof as may not be paid for, and retain such All claiming the benefit of this provision to pay an portion of the original purchase as may amount to interest on the money due, at the rate of per the sums of money actually paid, at the price for cent, per annum: Or, which the land was purchased." This, apparently, Second-the payment of the money due in an is a just and equitable proposition, and, it is cer-nual instalments, without interest, so arranged that tain, that something must be done for the relief of the last instalment should be paid by the time prothose indebted for lands. It is morally impossible vided in the former proposition for the extinguishthat the present enormous amount of twenty-two ment of the whole debt. millions of dollars, can be drawn from the people of Third-that persons owing money for lands should the western country, within any reasonable space have the liberty to elect either of the modes proposof time:-according to present prospects, the liqui-ed for payment, and cause their determination to dation of even a million a year would keep that be duly recorded in the land offices, without the section of the union as if with "a mill-stone round right to alter the manner of the record, and with a its neck," and destroy that elasticity which comes perfect understanding that, in case of non-compli out of a reasonable and rightful quantity of circulat- Jance, the lands should return to the United States. Fourth-that all persons not making their elec-old or of yesterday's date, than of the constitution tion of the terms of payment known to the proper land-office of the district, should be subject to the operation of the law as it now stands, which ought to be enforced. It appears to us that one or the other of these provisions might meet the present case, and do much to render justice to the United States, without subjecting individuals to the difficulties which they are now liable to encounter. The great debt would gradually disappear, and every one would know what he had to depend upon, so far as it is possible to calculate on futurity. of Maryland: but happily among the invited guests, was the chancellor of the state, Mr. Kilty; who, it is said, is, perhaps, the only person in Maryland, who can readily decide what is the constitution of the state--which, originally composed of the very worst materials, has been tinkered over and over again so often-here an old piece cut out and there a more modern one sliced, that it requires the most profound judgment, after great care in preserving the pieces, to find out what many parts of it are. It is the most uncouth thing of its sort that ever appeared, and its most disgusting feature is, that it Since the preceding was written, we notice provides no way by which the people can destroy it that Mr. Walker, of Alabama, has introduced cer-and make another, though the present is univertain resolutions to the senate, with a view to the sally acknowledged to be grossly defective and palrelief of the purchasers of the public lands; but pably unjust. they seem liable to the main objections offered to the general propositions of col. Johnson, mentioned above. MINT OF THE UNITED STATES. We have before noticed that foreign gold, to the amount of 350,000 dollars, was deposited in the mint for recoinage, on Election of representatives in congress, and electors Monday, the 23d ult. We now learn it was recoinof president. By referring to the proceedings of ed into half eagles, and deposited in the bank of of congress, it will be seen that Mr. Smith, of N. the United States, on the evening of the succeed. C. has made a new attempt to procure an amend-ing day!--an instance of despatch which we could ment to the constitution of the United States, to not have supposed the mint capable of. establish an uniform mode of electing representa- It would be a very agreeable thing, if the seve tives in congress and electors of president, and in ral banks were to transmit their foreign gold coins such a way that said representatives and electors to the mint, and have them converted into half-ea. shall represent and be responsible to immediate gles, one of the most convenient pieces of money constituents, in all cases whatsoever. We have for in the world;-but, perhaps, it may not be advantamany years, urged the adoption of some measure geous for these institutions to do so, and besides it to produce this effect, to put an end to management, might, possibly, subject them to demands for speand suffer the people to have the rightful weight cie which they silence by tenders of awkward. which they ought to demand and to have. But and inconvenient coins: but there is not just now there is no prospect that the resolution will pre-any requisition for gold for the foreign market, and vail-parties are too much attached to cunning, and so long as the present pressure on the country regreat men are too much in love with the power or mains, we cannot see any prospect of it; and the influence which they suppose themselves to pos-banks that pay specie must satisfy the balances sess, to grant any thing to the people which they created against each other by the home trade, in one can withhold. It is no matter by what name such way or another. It may as well then, be done with men are called-it is the practice of some, under a spirit of accommodation as otherwise. any name, "to feel power and forget right." If, however, Mr. Smith's resolutions should pass-we shall gratefully pay a respectful homage to those who stand as the representatives of the people, and say that, in this instance, they have paid a rightful reverence to the source from which they sprung. HAYTI. The present state of things in this island, has induced us to give a very interesting account of its population and institutions, as they stood under the late rival chiefs. It is probable that all the country which was possessed by king Henry, has passed to the government of president Boyer. See "foreign articles." A NEW WORK, by John Taylor, of Caroline, has just appeared at Richmond. Its title is-"Constructions construed, and constitutions vindicated”—under the following sections: 1. The principles of our constitution. 3. Sovereignty. CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. The judges and gentlemen of the Baltimore bar net on the 8th inst. (which is noticed as the anniversary of the adoption of the constitution of Maryland), for the purpose of organizing a society for the support of infirm members of the profession and their fami lies. We heartily wish success to the institution, as well on account of its charitable intent, as because, from associating themselves together, the younger members will increase in knowledge and the whole find new inducements to treat each other with additional marks of courtesy and respect. This is not mentioned to convey the idea that they are more deficient in these matters than other menperhaps, as a body, they excel in them; but it is the nature of such associations, if rightfully conducted, to expand the heart and lessen our preju-nient-national. dices. But the day appointed for the meeting was peculiarly unfortunate the anniversary of the adoption of the constitution of Maryland. We think that we hazard nothing in asserting, that there were gentlemen present who knew more of the most ab. struse points of law, whether hundreds of years 5. Division and limitation of power. 7. The bank decision-corporation. 10. The bank decision-common defence, and general welfare-necessary and proper-Conve 11. The bank decision-precedents. 13. Assumption of judical powers and patronage by legislatures. 14. The laws of nations. 15. The Missouri question. 16. The distresses of the United States. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. Beautiful description of domestic industry, order and economy, from the speech of Mr. Clay, on the tariff, delivered in the house of representatives, April 26th, 1820: them to a firm and resolute defence of the privi leges of freemen~ In early conceiving, asserting and maintaining the justice and practicability of establishing the independence of the United States of America In giving the powerful aid of his political knowledge in the formation of the constitution of this, his native state; which constitution became, in a great measure, the model of those which were subsequently formed In conciliating the favor of foreign powers, and obtaining their countenance and support in the arduous struggle for independence In demonstrating to the world, in his defence of the constitutions of the several United States, the contested principle, since admitted as an axiom, that checks and balances in legislative power are essential to the preservation of true liberty In devoting his time and talents to the service of the nation, in the high and important trusts of vice president and president of the United States If you want to find an example of order, of freedom from debt, of economy, of expenditure falling short, of income instead of exceeding it, you will go to a well regulated family of a farmer. You will go to the house of such a man as Isaac Shelby. You will not find him resorting to taverns, engaged in broils, prosecuting angry law suits. You will behold every member of his family clad with the produce of their own hands, and usefully employed; the spinning wheel and the loom in motion by day In negociating the treaty of peace, which securbreak. With what pleasure will his wife carry you ed forever the sovereignty of the United States; to her neat dairy, lead you into her store-house, and and in defeating all attempts to prevent it; and espoint to the table-cloths, the sheets, the counter-pecially by preserving in that treaty the vital inte. panes which lie on this shelf for her daughter Sally, rests of the New England statesor that for Nancy, all prepared in advance by her provident care, for the day of their respective marriages. If you want to see an opposite example, go the house of a man who makes nothing at home, whose family resorts to the store for every thing. You will find him, perhaps, in the tavern or in the store at the cross-roads. He is engaged with the rum-grog on the table, taking depositions to make but some case of usury or fraud. Or, perhaps, he And, lastly, in passing an honorable old age, in is furnishing to his lawyer the materials to prepare a dignified retirement, in the practice of all the dolong bill of injunction in some intricate case. The mestic virtues; thus exhibiting to his countrymen sheriff is hovering about his farm to serve some and to posterity an example of true greatness of new writ. On court days (he never misses attend-mind, and of genuine patriotism— ing court) you will find him eagerly collecting his witnesses to defend himself against the merchants' and doctors' bills. Go to his house, and end the short and giddy period that his wife and daughters have flirted about the country in their calico and muslin gowns, what a scene of discomfort and distress is presented you there! What the individual family of Isaac Shelby is, I wish to see the nation in the aggregate. But I fear we shall shortly have to contemplate its resemblance in the opposite picture. If statesmen would carefully observe the con-dence assisted to form. duct of private individuals, in the management of their Resolved, That a committee of twelve members own affairs, they wonld have much surer guides in pro-be appointed by the chair, to communicate this promoting the interest of the state than the visionary specu-ceeding to the hon. John Adams, to inform him of lutions of theoretical writers." Massachusetts Convention. Therefore resolved, that the members of this convention, representing the people of the common. wealth of Massachusetts, joyfully avail themselves of this opportunity to testify their respect and gratitude towards this eminent patriot and statesman, for the great services rendered by him to his country; and their high gratification, that, at this late period of life he is pe mitted by Divine Providence to assist them with his councils in revising the constitution, which, forty years ago his wisdom and pru his election to preside in this body, and to introduce him to the chair of this convention. A committee was appointed accordingly-a vote was passed that if Mr. Adams accepted the appoint In pursuance of an act of the legislature of Mas-ment, the members should stand up whilst the comsachusetts, the delegates chosen for the purpose of revising and amending the constitution of the state, met at Boston on the 15th inst. The members present were 352-335 of these voted for president ADAMS as president of the convention. mittee conducted him to his chair: but the committee reported that he had declined the honor intended him, and that he would make a communication forthwith. After a short time the following was received: FELLOW-CITIZENS, an election at my age and in Chief justice Parker then rose, and after an elo. my circumstances, by the free suffrages of so amquent and dignified eulogium on the character and ple a representation of the fortunes and talentspublic services of the honorable gentleman who the experience and wisdom-the authority, the virhad been elected president of the convention, in-tues, and the piety of the ancient and renowned troduced the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted. fairest honor of my life; and my gratitude is proporstate of Massachusetts, I esteem the purest and tionably ardent and sincere; I pray you, gentlemen, to present to the convention my must cordial thanks. In convention, Nov. 15, 1820. WHEREAS the hon. John Adams, a member of this convention, and elected president thereof, has for Your enumeration of services performed for this more than half a century devoted the great powers country, recalls to my recollection the long series of his mind, and his profound wisdom and learning and succession of great and excellent characters to the the service of his country and of mankind with whom I have had the honor to act in the forIn fearlessly vindicating the rights of the Northmer part of my life; and to whose exertions I have American provinces against the usurpation and en- endeavoured to add my feeble aid-characters who croachments of the superintendant government-have been employed by Divine Providence as inIn diffusing a knowledge of the principles of ci-struments in preserving and securing that unexam. vil liberty among his fellow subjects; and exciting pled liberty which this nation now possesses-that liberty which is the source of all our happiness and prosperity-a prosperity which cannot be contemplated by any virtuous mind, without gratitude, Consolation and delight.-May it be perpetual. the princes are to take their seats as members of the council of state. The principles of the feudal government are said to be unknown in the island; but it appears. from the statements which we have recently seen, that Christophe is ahout to establish military fiefs. Titles of hereditary nobility, and the royal and military order of Saint Henry, are the recompenses destined for those who devote their lives to the. public service, or who shed their blood for their king and country.-A great council of state, composed of the princes of the blood, and others nominated by the sovereign, and a privy council, consistiting of the great dignitaries of the kingdom, GENTLEMEN, as my age is generally known, it will readily be believed, that my forces are too far ex. hausted, to perform the arduous duties of the high office, which the benevolence of the convention has assigned to me:-I am therefore under, the neces. sity to request permission of the convention to decline the appointment; and to pray that some other gentleman may be elected, whose vigorous age and superior talents, may conduct their deliberations with more convenience to themselves, and with greater satisfaction to the people of the common-consult on such matters as are submitted to their wealth at large. JOHN ADAMS. deliberation by the king. The grand council of Isaac Parker esq. was then chosen president, and state forms a high court of justice for the trial of, the convention proceeded to business. A seat on royal or noble delinquents, and of public functionathe right of the president's chair was specially as-ries charged with malversation in office. The busigned to Mr. Adams. siness of the state is conducted by four ministers, viz: of war, and of the marine, of the finances, of foreign affairs, and of justice, and by a secretary History, Literature, &c. of Hayti. of state. These are all appointed by the sovereign, to whom they are directly accountable, and from whom they immediately receive their orders. They are ex officio members of the council, in which they have a deliberative voice. From the British Review, for March, 1820. Although the two governments, which rule the northern and southern districts have not established any relations of mutual amity, they have remain. The government does all in its power to encou. ed in a state of perfect tranquility; and since the rage agriculture, as the grand source of prosperity, year 1811, Hayti has presented the pleasing pic and the reciprocal duties of proprietors and caltiture of domestic improvement and prosperity. vators, and, in short, the whole rural economy of The monarchy has for its present sovereign Hen-Hayti, is regulated by an agricultural code, the ry Christophe, who (as we have just intimated) has principles of which are laid in justice, equity and assumed the title of Henry I. He is said to have humanity. The proprietors and farmers of land been born in the island of Grenada, and to have are bound to treat their respective laborers with been a slave in the island of Saint Domingo at the paternal solicitude; and from those, in return, is revolution in 1791; he was an early friend and faith-exacted a reciprocal attention to the welfare and ful adherent of the brave Toussaint Louverture, interest of their employers. In lieu of wages, the whom he resembles in some parts of his character. laborers on plantations are allowed one fourth part During the struggle for independence, he display- of the gross produce, free from all duties and exed great bravery and military skill, and his dispo-pense, to the time of removal. Provision is likesition was then (and is now) generally considered wise made for the speedy removal of grievances, to be both humane and benevolent. The republi- and for the humane treatment of the sick; while can inhabitants however, of Hayti, represent him the lazy and the vagabond are severely punished; as a severe and sanguinary tyrant, and in their | mendicity and licentiousness are severely reprobated; journals, and other writings, usually call him ano- all beggars on the highway, prostitutes and stragther Phalaris. But those who have resided under glers, are liable to be arrested; and such as have his government, unanimously give him the charac-no legal settlement, are to be placed at the discreter of being a good husband and a good father, tion of the proper authorities, to labor for their affable in private life, and observant of the duties livelihood. That no one, however, may be comof morality and of the offices of religion;-qualities pelled to work beyond his strength, certain hours which are utterly irreconcileable with the cruelties of labor are appointed by law; and pregnant women, charged upon him by his enemies. By the con- or those who have infants to nurse, are exempt stitutional law of the council of state which estab- from field labor. Every night, prayers are read to lished royalty in the north of Hayti, the regal title, the laborers; and the landlords, farmers, or mawith all its prerogatives and privileges, is declared nagers of the plantation of which they are attached, to be hereditary in the male and legitimate des- are required to invite the people to attend public cendants of the family of Christophe, in a direct worship, in their respective parishes, on Sundays line, and in the order of promigeniture, to the and on fast days. In such honor, indeed, is agriexclusion of females; and, in default of male issue, culture held, that it is celebrated on the return of the succession is to pass into the family nearest of each spring by a public festival. The plough has kin to the sovereign, or the most ancient in dignity. been introduced into the fields, which were formerThe sovereign, however, may, in default of an heir ly watered by the sweat of the slaves. Corn grows apparent, adopt the children of such prince of the by the side of the sugar cane and the coffee-plant; kingdom as he shall judge proper; and in the event their breed of horses has been improved, and the of his demise, until his successor shall be acknow-pastures are covered with flocks. Hospitals are ledged, the affairs of the kingdom are to be go- provided for the reception and comfort of the sick verned by the ministers and king's council.-Should and indigent poor. the new sovereign be a minor (and he is to be so The present chief magistrate of the republican considered until he shall have completed his fif-part of Hayti is general Boyer, a man of color, who teenth year), affairs are to be administered by protectors, or by a regent. The members of the royal family bear the title of princes and princesses; and on coming of age, is said to be both beloved and respected for that rare union of moderation and energy with which he administers the government of his country. In this portion of the island, slavery is forever abolish Dahomeys Total, 3,900 The regular army of the republic is as follows:- ed. Its government is not hereditary, but elective. A corps of gens d'armes, called the royal Total 25,800 3,600 2,000 19,200 600 409 25,800 The regiments of Hayti do not present that imposing aspect which superior discipline and accoutrements give to European troops; but they have an equally powerful internal organization; for every black who is enrolled in a regiment, is fixed to his colors, like a cultivator to the soil. And in case of attack, the whole male population takes up arms, emergencies, amounts nearly to one hundred thousand men. A people, who twenty five years since made cannons of bamboo, have now manufactories of gun-powder, saltpetre, shot, cannon, bombs, and every other kind of arms; and their flags now wave over the ocean on which they formerly ventured only in canoes. The sacred obligations of marriage are but little regarded in the republic; the two sexes live in a state of concubinage; and, according to M. de la Croix, many irregular unions have taken place. The two sexes are united by a mere verbal engage-and the military force of each government, in sucli ment; and in case of separation (which rarely occurs) the male children belonging to their fathers, and the female to their mothers. In the kingdom, on the contrary, marriage is both a sacred and a civil contract. "Marriage,' says one of Christophe's laws, "being the source of moral conduct, it shall be especially encouraged and protected; and the laborious peasantry who shall bring up the greatest number of legitimate children in a reputable manner, shall be distinguished and encouraged by government itself." Divorce is not permitted; and no Haytian who is unmarried can fill any place of distinction under Christophe. In both states justice is administered with impartiality; the laws are written in clear and simple codes; and the establishment of posts has rendered the commuications between the different parts of them both prompt and easy. The present population of the two Haytian governments is computed to be about 501,000. viz. Blacks Persons of color The better to support his power, and also as a reward for services, Christophe has established degrees of nobility, in the conferring of which he manifests great reserve. Two princes, not of the royal blood, eight dukes, eighteen counts, thirtytwo barons, and eight chevaliers, fill the highest offices of the state, and compose a permanent nobility. Six grand marshals of Hayti, eight lieutenant generals, fifteen major generals, (marechaux de-camp) six major- generals, and one hundred superior officers, lieutenants of the king, or commanders of districts, constitute the general staff of the royal army. That of the republic is 480,000 less numerous, being composed of only six gene20,000 rals of division, and nine of brigade. 1000 501,000 The royal and military order of Saint Henry, which is endowed with an annual income of 300,000 francs, was instituted in April, 1811: it confers per Of this momber, 261,000 are in the republican sonal nobility on those who are decorated with it. party, and 240,000 in the kingdom of Christophe. On the 1st of January, 1818, not more than six The introduction of vaccination has greatly facili-grand crosses, sixteen commanders, and one huntated the increase of population, dred and sixty-five knights, had been nominated members of this order, The revenues of the two governments of Hayti are supposed to be about 48,000,000 francs; and the expenses of their administration, in 1817, scarcely exceeded 18.000,000 francs, thus leaving a surplus of 15,000,000 at the disposal of each government, The armies of the two rulers of Hayti are each, composed of about twenty-four thousand regular troops; but not more than five or six thousand are on duty, at one time, in either government. They are relieved alternatively every three months; and while on actual service, they receive pay. During the remaining nine months of the year, they are quartered upon the great provision grounds of the two governments, or upon those belonging to different habtiations, where they oversee the labors of the cultivators. The following is an estimate of the forces of the king of Hayti, according to M. de la Croix: Royal guards (horse, foot and artillery) Two regiments of artillery (a third is to be Infantry Cavalry 4,600 Notwithstanding the rivalry subsisting between the black royalists and repulicans of Hayti, both parties have agreed to unite their forces, in case their territory should be attacked by any foreign troops; and the arrangements which are reported to have been made in the contemplation of such an event, are such as to insure the maintenance of their liberty and independence. The Roman Catholic religion is recognized as the religion of the two states. In the kingdom it is governed by an archbishop, who has a chapter, a seminary, and a college, attached to his metropolitan see, aH well endowed, and by bishops, each of whom has endowed chapter and a seminary. Chris tophe has nominated to the archbishopric of Hayti, a Spanish priest, to whom the court of Rome, with its accustomed narrow policy, has refused cannonical institution. The government of the church of the republie is confided, as formerly, to an apostolical prefect. 1,200 In both states, the blacks have retained their an13.100 cient habits and manner of living. Since the Hay 1,000 tians have been trained to arms, they have acquired |