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to an account of his adventures and knowledge is "The gorilla hunt" by him (10), and a popular article by Richard D. Sparks (30) on Congo, the subject of this psychological report.

Probably at least as much is now known of the natural history of Gorilla beringei as of Gorilla gorilla. It is not my purpose to compare them. Instead I have attempted to present certain general information preparatory to my description of the behavior of Congo. During the hundred years which have elapsed since the publication of Bowdich's paper (5) several accounts of the mind and behavior of gorillas have appeared. When I remark that they are disappointing, I reflect unfavorably on the status of gorilla study but not necessarily on the ability, effort, insight, or honesty of the observers or recorders. As a fact, the only contributions to gorilla psychology are impressionistic, fragmentary, and almost as difficult to evaluate as are Du Chaillu's descriptions.

Of the mental traits of the chimpanzee we know much; of those of the orang-utan somewhat; but of the psychology of gorillas next to nothing with certainty. The present report is unique because it records the first mental measurements of a gorilla. It is a pioneer contribution also in that for the first time a professional student of animal behavior and a specialist in the psychology of the primates offers the results of a systematic, general survey of the mental constitution of Gorilla beringei. It is hoped that the reader will constantly bear in mind the purpose and limitations of the investigation and the fact that the author's statements are not made of gorillas in general, or even of the species beringei, but of the individual specimen Congo. If she is not typical of her species, sex, and age it is our misfortune.

III

THE OBSERVATIONAL SITUATION AND

ITS VALUES

From New York Ben Burbridge took Congo directly to Jacksonville. There he arranged with his brother, James Burbridge, that the gorilla should be housed and cared for at Shady Nook, which is a quiet beautiful home-spot on the banks of the St. Johns River some two miles out of South Jacksonville and approached by the San José Boulevard. The buildings are located several hundred yards from the highway and the heavy traffic therefore is not disturbing. There is a cottage, a separate study, a garage, and for Congo a cage especially built. The buildings are set among immense live oak trees which effectively shelter them from sun and rain.

The gorilla cage is located about six feet north of the study. It is some sixty feet from the cottage and approximately the same distance from the garage. To describe the cage in some detail is necessary since many of the experiments to be reported were made in or about it.

It is twenty feet long, ten feet wide, and eight feet high. Plate 4 gives a view of the cage from the east and also a view of the north end of the interior. Wooden posts 334 by 334 inches and rails 334 by 134 inches carry Page wire netting, 2 inch mesh and no. 9 gauge. This netting covers the top as well as the sides of the cage. When the cage was originally constructed in November, 1925, it was possible for Congo to get her hands through the wire netting, but her growth has since eliminated this possibility. At the north end of the cage an area four by ten feet has been floored and roofed. Onehalf of this covered portion of the cage has been finished as a sleeping room for Congo (see plate 4, lower left figure). The room has an entrance door which can be closed on cold nights, and at the level of the floor in the east wall an opening six inches deep by five feet long, to facilitate cleaning the

floor. This opening, too narrow for Congo to squeeze through, is closed by a door hinged on the upper edge and locked by a hasp at the bottom. Except when opened to air and dry the nest-room or in connection with cleaning, it was kept closed and locked. It is particularly described because it figures importantly in certain experiments. The north end of the cage is solidly boarded to break the cold winds of winter, and for the same reason the other three sides are partially boarded, the east and west, to a height of thirty-two inches from the ground; the south side, to a height of fifty-four inches.

The long dimension of the cage extends from somewhat west of north to east of south. I shall, however, for simplicity of description, hereafter refer to the several sides as north, south, east, and west. In the wooden portion of the south side of the cage, approximately thirty inches from the southwest corner post and thirty inches from the ground, is a ten by ten inch opening, with hinged door. Through this aperture Congo was given her meals when it did not happen to be convenient for the caretaker to enter the cage. The bottom of the cage, with the exception of the boarded portion at the north end, consists of sandy soil. It has the great advantages of dryness and cleanliness. The cage can be entered by a door located at the south corner of the west side. At the corresponding corner of the east side, indicated by an X in the lower right figure of plate 4, the board siding was removed and replaced by one-half inch iron rods, set vertically and at four inches between centers. This spacing enabled Congo readily to reach through the grill with hand and arm or foot and leg. The grill space is approximately fortyone inches long by twenty-two inches high. This modification of Congo's cage was effected to provide a convenient situation for setting problems outside the cage which Congo from within could work at, or the reverse.

Aside from the shelter room and porch at the north end of the cage, it contains, for Congo's amusement, three heavy iron

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