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rings suspended from the ceiling by chains, and along the sides the following benches. On the west side is a wooden bench eighteen inches wide, eighteen inches from the ground, extending from the edge of the porch to within two feet of the entrance door of the cage. In the middle of the east side there is a bench twenty-four inches wide, forty inches from the ground, and approximately eight feet long. Similarly, at the southeast corner there is a corner bench approximately fifty inches from the ground and filling the triangular space between the southeast corner post and the adjacent posts on the south and east respectively.

The study is southeast of the cage, the cottage approximately south, and the garage west. Conveniently placed in relation to the cage are several large oaks in or under which arrangements were made for several of the experiments to be described.

Prior to my period of observation Congo had been fed regularly three times daily by either Mrs. or Mr. James Burbridge. The principal articles of food were baked bananas, baked sweet potatoes, apples, and oranges, and skimmed milk mixed with an equal quantity of water.. She ate eagerly and evidently was well nourished. No particular pains had been taken to extend her diet by teaching her to eat other things or to train her to the use of knife, fork, and spoon, and to care and cleanliness in the handling of foods. Although eager for the diluted milk given her, she drank little water.

As bedding a plentiful supply of clean, dry straw was kept in the shelter or bedroom. With this Congo made herself comfortable by shaping a crude nest. There is no evidence that she ordinarily covered herself with the straw as protection against the cold, but she evidently did burrow into it, thus making for her body a hole in the center of the heap. Every clear day this straw was removed from the room and placed in the sunlight to dry. Once or twice a week it was replaced, and the floor of the nest-room was thoroughly washed. The ground floor of the cage ordinarily required

no attention because the sand quickly absorbed moisture, and Congo early formed the habit of using the northwest corner between the porch edge and the adjacent end of the side bench as a toilet.

The young gorilla, it might be expected, would be lonesome in this environment without anthropoid companionship, but she obviously was not. During the period of my work she was on friendly terms with a bulldog named Bobby and an Airedale named Betty, both of whom were young enough to be playful. The gorilla quite evidently enjoyed their companionship, and they in their quite different dog ways sometimes sought and at other times merely tolerated hers. Neither dog had access to the gorilla cage and their only opportunities for play or other intimate association were when Congo happened to be chained to a tree or post outside of her cage. There can be no doubt, I think, that the principal objects in Congo's social environment were the Burbridges, and that her contentment from the first was chiefly conditioned by the friendly, sympathetic attitude of Mrs. Burbridge and the latter's interest and skill in feeding her and in making her feel at once welcome and at home.

My initial decision was to adapt myself and my research interests as far as practicable to the conditions at Shady Nook instead of attempting to convert it into a scientific establishment. At first things looked a little discouraging, but I shortly discovered ways in which it seemed possible to go forward profitably. No laboratory was available and under the circumstances only the simplest equipment could be used. But in spite of the lack of even ordinary facilities for experimental work it seemed that mental measurement in connection with a general survey of the psycho-biological characteristics of Congo should be more profitable than strictly naturalistic observation and might importantly supplement what little is already known about the gorilla.

I therefore accepted out-of-doors at Shady Nook as my laboratory. The only essential change made in Congo's imme

diate environment was the construction of the grill already described (p. 30) in the southeast corner of the cage. There were distractions, and conditions were far more variable than one would permit in a laboratory environment. Such success as was obtained in the work doubtless depended rather on the practical experience and adaptability of the investigator than on what are commonly considered essential material requirements of experimental research. Ordinarily working hours were free from curious visitors, and I am inclined to think that the relative naturalness of the conditions of work goes a long way toward compensating for variability and the lack of conventional and customary controls.

With the idea of a survey of Congo's mental equipment in mind I planned to observe under simple experimental conditions and to measure with a serviceable degree of accuracy, both intellectual and affective responses and adaptations. · Realizing that it would be impossible to make even a preliminary study of the animal's sensory and perceptual equipment if I were to do much with intellectual and affective responses, I subordinated the former to the latter psychological categories and proceeded on what appeared to be a practicable course. Experimental situations from the first were chosen or devised primarily to display the nature and degree of Congo's adaptivity, to reveal whatever measures of insight or understanding she might possess, and to elicit characteristic affective expressions and adjustments.

The abbreviated notes hastily made during each morning's observational work, were written up in detail each afternoon and thus made to constitute a record complete, detailed, intelligible, and trustworthy. Many photographic records also were made, and the four score still pictures and thousand feet of motion picture film which were obtained, in important and unexpected ways supplement my verbal descriptions.

Unless otherwise stated, Congo had opportunity to see the experimental situation arranged. As soon as everything was ready she was permitted to work for food. Had the condi

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tions favored it, doubtless I should have introduced her to
completely prepared situations instead of letting her watch
me. There can be no doubt that the conditions under which
I worked held the possibility of suggestion and possibly also
other influence of the experimenter on the subject. In ad-
vance of observation I had considered the necessity of setting
certain problems in Congo's presence unfortunate and made
up my mind to avoid it as far as possible. But as experimental
observation progressed I became less certain of the disadvan-
tages and finally decided that except for standardization of pro-
cedure the advantages, temporarily at least, were in favor of
the course which circumstances had forced upon me.
I now
feel reasonably certain that had I worked more conventionally
and in accord with laboratory practice I should have acquired
less information and insight.

Usually also the observer was where Congo could see him during her periods of effort. Mostly he sat a few feet away taking notes. No reason appeared for believing that this relation was objectionable because of suggestion or inhibitory influence. In a few experiments the observer hid himself from the subject's view or was absent from the vicinity of the cage; when he thus took remote positions or was out of Congo's sight the fact is indicated in the description of experiments.

When working within her cage Congo ordinarily was given full freedom, and although a leather collar was always kept about her neck no chain nor rope was attached to it. But when she was taken out of the cage for experiments, exercise, or to be moored to a nearby tree, her freedom was restricted by a stout chain attached to her collar. This chain could be fastened to stake, tree, or other stable object and thus made to keep her within bounds.

Food was used as reward or lure in all experiments, and Congo's desire for it was so strong, persistent, and dependable that it constituted an adequate incentive to determined effort in the solution of problems. Each morning before my arrival at Shady Nook Congo was given about a pint of diluted milk.

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The remainder of her breakfast and her midday meal she obtained by working for rewards in experimental situations. Four foods were used chiefly as lures: baked banana, baked sweet potato, raw apple and orange. They have been named in the order of preference usually exhibited by Congo. At the end of the morning's experimental work Congo was given whatever remained of her usual allowance of food.

As the work progressed, and Congo learned that situations arranged by the experimenter were worth attending to, she came to work more spontaneously, eagerly, persistently, and confidently, if not also increasingly for the pleasure of activity and success, even apart from the reward itself.

Punishment was employed to supplement reward only in the experiments with the multiple-choice apparatus. Unquestionably the hope and expectation of reward proved more serviceable as condition of effort toward adaptation than did the fear of punishment. This generalization applies only to my experiments with Congo. Quite possibly under other circumstances the relative values of these motivating stimuli might be reversed.

The climatic conditions in North Florida during my period of experimentation varied widely and were sometimes decidedly unfavorable. About one-fifth of the days were rainy, and on a few occasions it rained so hard and steadily that out-of-door work was next to impossible. The remaining days were about equally divided between fair and cloudy. But except as rain drove Congo and the observer to shelter the degree of clearness was important chiefly because of its relation to temperature, which indeed proved by far the most important environmental factor.

At eight to nine a. m. the temperatures during my period of work ranged from 38° to 68° Fahrenheit. At twelve noon to one p.m. they ranged from 42° to 70°. The average temperature at the beginning of my day's work was 51° and at the end of the morning's work 57°. On the whole these temperatures were a trifle low for Congo's comfort and activity. She seemed to prefer and to work best at temperatures ranging from 55° to

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