pelled to depart the kingdom, and the English shipping no longer be allowed shelter in her ports; declaring, that he should immediately occupy with his troops the fortresses and maritime places belonging to his most faithful majesty, to protect them from the resentment of England." To this extraordinary requifition, the ambassadors of the two courts demanded a categorical answer in four days. The king of Portugal replied, in very moderate and conciliatory language, "That he was fincerely disposed to act as mediator in compromifing the present differences, but that the unfortunate state of his kingdom would not allow him, were he so inclined, to engage as a principal in the war; that the honor of his crown, and the faith of folemn treaties, would not permit him to abandon the alliance of England; and that he was determined to observe a strict neutrality, making those preparations only which were necessary for his own defence."

In a second memorial, dated April 1, the confederate powers declared, in a tone still more imperious, " that his most faithful majesty's alliance with England became in effect an offenfive alliance, from the fituation of the Portuguese dominions, and the nature of the English power; that the British squadrons could not keep the sea without the ufe of the ports of his most faithful majesty; that the riches of Portugal paffed into the hands of the English; and they again invited him, since the differences between the crowns of Spain and Portugal, which had laid the foundation of the alliance with England, had been long fince happily accommodated, to abandon that alliance, and enter into a strict league of friendship with their chriftian and catholic majesties." The king of Portugal perfifting in his refufal of these overtures, the ambassadors of the two courts, after the delivery of a third memorial still more infolent and infulţing sulting than the former, were ordered to leave the kingdom.*

On the 23d of May, 1762, war was declared by Portugal against Spain, the Spanish army having already paffed the frontier. His most faithful majesty having made previous and urgent folicitation to the court of London for assistance, it was determined to grant him the most speedy and efficacious succor, by the embarkation of a large body of troops under lord Tyrawley, a veteran officer, who had formerly refided with high reputation as ambaslador at the court of Lifbon, and who now united the different characters of plenipotentiary and general. The king of Portugal had conferred, at the recommendation of the king of England, the supreme command of his armies on the famous count de la Lippe Buckebourg, master-general of the artillery under prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, a man whose military talents were of the highest class, and who possessed all the heroic and romantic qualities which diftinguished and adorned the ages of chivalry. Lord Tyrawley returning foon to England, perhaps in disgust at this superior appointment, the command of the English auxiliaries devolved on the earl of Loudon, under whom served the generals Burgoyne, Crawford, Townshend, and other officers of diftinguished merit and reputation,

In the beginning of May, 1762, the Spanish army under the marquis de Sarria passed the Douro, and invested the important city of Miranda. Unfortunately, at the very commencement of the siege, before the parallels were formed, or the batteries planted, the grand magazine of the fortress, taking fire by accident, blew up with a tremendous explofion, occafioning the loss of near 500 lives, and making moreover two large and practicable breaches in the walls. In confequence of this misfortune, the city was immediately given up, and the garrifon made prisoners of war. Braganza was next attacked; but such was the confternation of the Portugueze, that the keys of the town were presented without any attempt at refiftance to the Spanish commander. The city of Chaves, though provided with all the means of defence, was surprised at the fame time by a feparate detachment under count O'Reilly. The Southern army, commanded by the count d'Aranda, being joined by 8000 French auxiliaries, entered the province of Estremadura, and opened the trenches before Almedia in July: after a much better defence than had hitherto been made, that city was compelled to capitulate on the 25th of August. On the arrival of the count de la Lippe, Lisbon the metropolis, and Oporto the second city of the kingdom, were exposed to imminent danger. But that general, knowing the most effectual mode of waging a defensive war to be the converting it as far as poffible into an offenfive one, determined to carry the arms of Portugal into the kingdom of Spain. An enterprize against the city of Alcantara, 'where considerable magazines were forming, was refolved upon, and brigadier-general Burgoyne was appointed to the command of the entire force collected for this purpose. This officer paffing the Tagus at midnight, reached Alcantara at the dawn of day, and, attacking with great resolution the enemy posted in the vicinity, and unfufpicious of danger, totally routed them with very inconfiderable loss. A great quantity of arms and ammunition fell into the hands of the victors. Amongst the prisoners was the Spanish major-general Don Miguel D'Iruniberri, who was preparing for an expedition into the Portugueze province of Alentejo. The count d' Aranda,

having reduced, after the surrender of Almedia, the fortrefses of Caftel Rodrigo and Castel Branco, attempted to force a passage through the mountains, intending to cross the Tagus at Villa Velha, a post defended by general Burgoyne, who lay encamped on the fouthern bank of the river. The old Moorish cafstle of Villa Velha, on the northern bank, though gallantly defended, was at length compelled to furrender, and the passes of the mountains gained. But the enemy having weakened their force at Villa Velha, in order to pursue their advantage in the opposite quarter, general Burgoyne ordered a detachment under lieutenant colonel Lee to ford the Tagus in the night, and attack the Spaniards in their camp. This enterprize was executed with equal spirit and success. A great number of the Spanish Officers were flain in attempting to rally their troops; their cannon were spiked, their magazines destroyed, and much valuable plunder became the property of the assailants. The Spaniards being repeatedly foiled in their designs of paffing the Tagus, by the skill and vigilance of the commander, count de la Lippe, and embarrassed also in their operations by the heavy rains which fell at this period, at length repassed the mountains, and entirely evacuated the province of Eftremadura, first dismantling the fortifications of Almeida and Castel Rodrigo.

No fooner was war declared by England against Spain, than preparations began to be made for a grand, but as yet unknown enterprize; and in the beginning of March 1762, a very powerful armament failed from Portsmouth, under the conduct of admiral Sir George Pococke, the earl of Albemarle commanding the land forces on board. At the beginning of June, they arrived off the island of Cuba, and the troops were landed fix miles to the eastward of the Havanna, a city of the utmost importance to the security and almost the existence of the Spanish empire in America, as being the port where the galleons and flota loaded with the riches of Mexico and Peru conftantly rendezvoused on their return to Spain, and, from its situation, absolutely commanding the only commodious passage by which these ships could fail from the bay of Mexico to Europe; the windward pafsage, by Carthagena, not being practicable without infinite trouble, loss of time, and danger from an enemy who is decidedly fuperior at sea. This city was protected, exclufive of other works, by a very strong castle called the Moro, against which the principal attack of the earl of Albemarle was directed. It was however bravely defended by the Spanish governor Don Lewis de Velasco; and the siege being protracted beyond expectation, sickness began to make its ravages amongst the befiegers. On the 30th of July, therefore, although the breaches made were deemed scarcely practicable, an affault was determined upon, and the troops mounting with the utmost intrepidity, drove the enemy from the ramparts; and after a short but fierce and bloody conflict, the Spaniards were compelled to lay down their arms and petition for quarter. Don Velasco, animated with all the genuine Caftilian heroifm, fell by a promiscuous shot, whilft inciting his troops, both by his exhortation and example, to support the glory of the Spanish arms. Notwithstanding the conquest of the Moro, the city held out till the 13th of August, when the governor capitulated, on condition of being allowed to march out with all the honors of war, and to have, with his whole garrifon, a free and unmolested conveyance to Spain. In the capitulation was included twelve line-of-battle ships then lying in the harbor of the Havanna; great quantities of ammunition and warlike stores likewise fell into the hands of the victors, who found in the city prodigious quantities of merchandize of various kinds and an immense treasure in specie. This therefore was a blow, which, at the very commencement of the war, ftruck deep into the vitals of the Spanish power.

No sooner was the intelligence of the Spanish war conveyed to the East Indies, than an armament speedily equipped, under the conduct of admiral Cornish and Sir William Draper,