(Am. Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals, LXXII, 36-37. (July, 1917.) C. [§310] WORLD PEACE MOVEMENT. 1. Specific References on the Section. See $146-148 above. . Addams, Jane. The Newer Ideals of Peace. (N. Y., Macmillan, 1907.) Hooper, C. E. The Wider Outlook Beyond the World War. (N. Y., Putnam, 1915.) Jordan, David Starr. Ways to Lasting Peace. Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1916.) (Indianapolis, "Cosmos." The Basis of Durable Peace. (N. Y., Scribner, 1917.) Mlynarski, Felix. The Problems of the Coming Peace. (N. Y., Hart, Albert Bushnell, and others. Problems of Readjustment After Wells, H. G. The War That Will End War. (London, Palmer, 1914). Choate, Joseph H. The Two Hague Conferences. Univ. Press, 1913.) (Princeton, Jordan, David Starr. World Peace and the College Man. (Phila., Marshall, H. R. War and the Ideal of Peace. A study of those (b) Arbitrations in which the United States has participated. 3. Hague Conferences. (b) Commercial unions, post, telegraphs, etc. (c) International Parliamentary Union. (d) International labor organizations and influence. (e) Commercial and business connections. 5. Unions of Nations. (a) European Concert. (b) Division into Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. (c) Close Alliances in the War. D. [8311] PEACEFUL DISPOSITION OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 1. Specific References on the Section. Mahan, A. T. Armaments and Arbitration, or the Place of Force in the International Relations of States. (N. Y., Harper, 1912.) 2. Pacific Foreign Policy. (a) Toward Europe-Doctrine of spheres of influence. (b) Toward the rest of America-Monroe Doctrine. (c) Toward Asia--Chinese and Japanese policy. (d) Toward the belligerents in the Great War. 4. Interest of the United States in World Peace. (a) Long practice of arbitration. (b) (c) (d) Settlement of Alabama Claims (1872). Appeal to the principle in Venezuela Case (1895). (e) Secretary Bryan's arbitration treaties. (f) Attitude on the Declaration of London (1909). E. [§312] MEDIATION OF THE UNITED 1. Specific References on the Section. See $152 above. Nicholson, J. S. "President Wilson's Patience," N. Y. Times Current History, III, 472-475 (Dec., 1915). Roosevelt, T. "Criticism of the President's Message," ibid, III, 684. (Jan., 1916). Lansing, Robert (Secretary of State). "Our Foreign Policy in This War" (address, June 3, 1915), ibid, IV, 739-740 (July, 1916). Hanotaux, Gabriel. "America Up Against the Wall," ibid, IV, 297-298 (May, 1916). Cromer, Lord. "Wilson's Mediation Not Acceptable," ibid, IV, 738-739 (July, 1916). Harden, Maximilian. "If I Were Wilson,' ibid, IV, 693 (July, Reventlow, Count Ernst. "Germany's Opinion of Wilson as a Wells, H. G. "World Peace," in ibid, II, 33-45 (April, 1915). 2. Attempts to Stop the War at the Outset. (a) No appeal to the Hague Peace Organizations. (b) Offer of Serbia to arbitrate with Austria. (c) Efforts of statesmen to prevent the war-Grey; Sazonoff; attitude of Emperor William. (See $$94-98 above.) (d) Efforts to localize the war. (e) Intense interest of the United States in these efforts. 3. Attempts to adjust Difficulties of the United States with Belligerents. (a) Suggested arbitration with Germany on Frye question. (c) Suggestion of arbitration with Germany over submarine de- (d) Attempt to bring Germany and Great Britain to an understanding over the zone question. 4. American Peace Proposals of 1916-1917. (a) (Dec. 12) German notes to the Entente Allies and to the Pope. (b) (Dec. 18) President Wilson's appeal to the Powers. (c) (Dec. 26 to 30) Germany's reply and proposal for a conference of delegates, 1917. (d) (Dec. 30 to Jan. 13) Declination by the Allies. (e) (Jan. 22) President Wilson's "Peace without Victory." Wilson, President Woodrow. "Note Requesting Peace Terms of "Germany's Peace Proposal," ibid, V, 585-590 (Jan., 1917). Lloyd George, David. "Speech Regarding Peace," ibid, V, 592-600 "The President's Peace Efforts" (Dec., 1916, and Jan., 1917). Text of Reply of Central Powers to President's Peace Note; "A Masterpiece in Diplomacy; the Allied Reply to German Peace Peace" (Jan. 22, 1917), in N. Y. Times Current History "Criticism of the Fresident's Plan for 'Peace Without Victory"," ibid, V, 1093-1096 (Mar., 1917). "The Power of the Pen," in New Republic, IX, 313-315 (Jan. 20, 1917). An appreciation of President Wilson's Peace Without Victory address. "Lincoln in 1917," ibid, X, 61-63 (Feb. 17, 1917). Fish, C. R. "American Tradition in the Address to the Senate," ibid, X, 221-223 (Mar. 24, 1917). "Who Willed American Participation," ibid, X, 308-310 (April 14, 1917). Wilson, President Woodrow. "America First," "Humanity First," Wilson, President Woodrow. "Reply to Berlin" (regarding the Wilson, President Woodrow. "The State of the Nation" (annual Wilson, President Woodrow. "America's Creed of War and Peace," in N. Y. Times Current History, IV, 736-738 (July, 1916). Tentative proffer of American mediation. Wilson, President Woodrow. "America's Perils and Defenses," in ibid, III, 1088-1092 (Mar., 1916). 5. Papal Mediation. (a) (Aug. 1, 1917) Appeal of the Pope to the belligerent peoples. (b) (Aug. 27) Unfavorable reply of President Wilson. 6. Why Did These Efforts Fail? (a) Mutual distrust. (b) Occupation of Belgium and Northern France by "the Germans." (c) Combination Turkey. of Germany, Austro-Hungary, Bulgaria and (d) Desire of each side to gain territory. (e) Desire of each side to crush the other side. F. [313] DIFFICULTIES OF PEACE AT THE END OF THE GREAT WAR. 1. Specific References in the Section. See $150 above. §§313-314] PERPLEXING PROBLEMS 345 Buxton, C. R.; Dickinson, G. L.; Sidebotham, H., and Others. To- Sons, 1917.) Also in N. Y. Times Current History, V. 921. Eliot, C. W. The Road Towards Peace. (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1915.) Fayle, Charles E. The Great Settlement. (N. Y., Duffield & Co., 1915.) Grey, Sir Edward. A Free Europe. (London, Unwin, 1916.) Headlam, J. W. The Peace Terms of the Allies. (London, (N. Y., Bourne, R. S. (Compiler). Towards an Enduring Peace. A sym- "German Annexations and Indemnities," in New Republic, XII (July 14, 1917). Muir, Ramsay. "The Difficulties of a League of Peace," in New Perry, R. B. "What Is Worth Fighting For?" in Atlantic Monthly, Adams, G. B. "America's Obligation and Opportunity," in Yale Johnson, W. F. "America and World Peace," in North American Moore, John Bassett. "The Peace Problem," in ibid, vol. 204, pp. Hill, David J. "Protection of American Citizens," in ibid, vol. 203, pp. 380-387 (March, 1916). Guyot, Ives. "What the Nature of the Peace Will Be," in ibid, vol. 201, pp. 175-190 (Feb., 1915). "The Monroe Doctrine." in N. Y. Times Current History, V. 154-163 (Oct., 1916). Wilson, President W. "Senate Address on Permanent Peace" (Jan. 22, 1917), in ibid, V, 1090-1092 (Mar., 1917). 2. Allied Views. 3. Central Powers' Views. 4. Question of Status Quo Ante Bellum. 5. Documents and Extracts on the Section. (a) [§314] The Problems of the War. BY NORMAN ANGELL. The immediate cause [of this war] was an incident of Balkan politics, and Balkan politics with all its welter of language and nationality difficulties-the relations of Serbs, Bulgars, Roumanians, Turks, Greeks, Albanians, of the Moslems, the Catholics, the Orthodox and Unified Greek churches; the influence and struggle for prestige within the Peninsula of the Austrian, Russian, German, Italian and British foreign policies-has absorbed the life studies of many students. THE MAZE OF ISSUES. But the incident leading to the outbreak of war was also a question of Austrian policy, of the everlasting struggle between Germans, Magyars, Croats, Serbs, Slovenes, Ruthenians, Italians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles. Of the issues of the Serbo-Bulgarian war of 1885, the tariff wars between Austria and Serbia, the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the formation of the Balkan League and the intrigues which provoked the Second Balkan War, which in turn takes us to the Turkish invasions, the emergence of the independent Balkan nations from Turkish supremacy. And this in turn touches Austrian and Russian policy and Russia's claim to be the leader and protector of the Slav peoples, her interference in Balkan politics, and her designs on Constantinople. Which brings us to questions of the European alliances, the balance of power, the conflict between Slav and Teuton; the development of German policy since unification; the wars of 1864, 1866 and 1870; the position of Prussia in Germany; the attitude of the Social Democrats; the difference between the new Germany and the old; the influence of the newer German philosophies of Nietzsche, Haeckel, Treitschke, Feuerbach, Schopenhauer, as the reaction against those of Kant, Hegel and Fichte. The annexation of Alsace-Lorraine and its effect on FrancoGerman relations; the problems arising from the partitions of Poland, between Prussia, Russia and Austria; German fear of the Slav menace; the influence of the pan-German school; German colonial and naval expansion and the course of Anglo-German relations; the formation of the Triple Alliance, the Dual Alliance, and the Franco-British Entente; the guarantee of Belgian neutrality. And now we may add the question of the Roumanians in Transylvania, the Italians in the Trentino and Trieste, Italian interests in Dalmatia and Albania, the problem of SchleswigHolstein, the position of Bohemia. QUESTIONS OF THE SETTLEMENT. The settlement raises questions of: The principle of nationality, The use of plebiscites, The value of guarantees, The value of indemnities, The validtiy of treaties and of international law. The broader questions of the relations of States, The bearing upon politics of economics and of both upon strategy, The competition of armaments, The system of alliances and groupings of the powers, The alleged rivalry of nations, The effects of absolutism and democracy upon national policies, Imperialism and autonomy, The nature and functions of the State, arbitrations, limitations of armaments, diplomacy and its defects. How is it humanly possible for the average man concerned with the daily affairs of his life, and with scant leisure for public questions to find his way through this maze? Now, as already hinted, the problems of this war are only too plain. We started out with the hope that it was to be |